NR507 Pathophysiology Midterm – Chamberlain
(2024–2025 Study Guide with Verified Q&A)
Housekeeping genes are vital to the function and maintenance of all the body's
cells. What characteristic is associated with these genes? - CORRECT ANSWER
✅✅✅D. They are transcriptionally active.
Mutations in the encoding of histones modifying proteins have been shown to
influence the development of what congenial condition - CORRECT ANSWER
✅✅✅Heart disease
Signals to change or modify epigenetic tags are ... from where? - CORRECT
ANSWER ✅✅✅Signals come from inside the cell, from neighboring cells or
the environment
During which stage of human development does the role of epigenetics have the
greatest impact on the development of epigenetic abnormalities - CORRECT
ANSWER ✅✅✅A. In utero
The difference between DNA sequence mutations and epigenetic modifications
is? - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Epigenetic modifications are REVERSIBLE
Explain the characteristics of totipotent stem cells and the sources of it -
CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Totipotent cells are cells that can mature into any
type of body cell in an organism including the cells that make up the placenta in
mammals. Totipotent cells are only present in mammals in the first few cell
divisions of an embryo.
Give 2 examples of totipotent cells - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅A zygote
Cells in the early embyro up to 5 days
What is a Totipotent cell? - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Totipotent cells are
cells that can differentiate into any type of body cell and extra embryonic tissue
What are the characteristics of Prader-Willi syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER
✅✅✅1. Chronic feeling of hunger (severe, even life-threatening obesity)
2. Low muscle tone
3. Short
4. Poor sex characteristic development
5. Behavioral problems
6. Poor cognitive development
,Angelman syndrome is sometimes called "happy puppet syndrome." What are
the signs of this disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅1. Severe mental
retardation
2. No speech
3. Abnormal gait
4. Wide stance
5. Arms held out kinda weird
What is the most common genetic cause of Prader-Willi syndrome? - CORRECT
ANSWER ✅✅✅A deletion of a segment of PATERNAL chromosome 15q.
The maternal counterpart is methylated via genomic imprinting.
What is the most common genetic cause of Angelman syndrome? - CORRECT
ANSWER ✅✅✅A deletion of a segment of MATERNAL chromosome 15q.
The paternal counterpart is methylated via genomic imprinting.
A child with Prader-Willi syndrome has been hospitalized. Which assessment
findings does the nurse expect with this syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER
✅✅✅Prader-Willi syndrome is characterized by insatiable hunger that can
lead to morbid obesity in childhood. Abnormal, puppetlike gait, paroxysms of
inappropriate laughter, and nonverbal are characteristics seen in Angelman
syndrome.
The nurse is examining an 8-year-old boy with chromosomal abnormalities.
Which sign or symptom suggests the boy has Angelman syndrome? - CORRECT
ANSWER ✅✅✅Observation shows jerky ataxic movement
Angelman syndrome is characterized by jerky ataxic movements, similar to a
puppet's gait. Hypotonicity is a symptom of Angelman syndrome as well as
Prader Willi syndrome, and Cri-du-chat. Cleft palate is a symptom of velo-cardio-
facial/DiGeorge syndrome
What is the role of inactive MLH1 in the development of some forms of inherited
colon cancer? - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅DNA Damage is left unrepaired
When considering abnormal epigenetic modifications, what factor is currently
being viewed as strongly associated with the development of some cancers? -
CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Environmental Stressors
42. The most common cause of pathologic hyperbilirubinemia is: - CORRECT
ANSWER ✅✅✅Hemolytic disorders in the newborn are the most common
cause of pathologic jaundice.
Which infant is most likely to express Rh incompatibility? - CORRECT ANSWER
✅✅✅Infant of an Rh-negative mother and a father who is Rh positive and
homozygous for the Rh factor
Rh-positive offspring of an Rh-negative mother are at risk for Rh incompatibility
, Rh hemolytic disease is suspected in a mother's second baby, a son. Which
factor is important in understanding how this could develop? - CORRECT
ANSWER ✅✅✅The first child was Rh positive
The nurse is caring for an infant with hemolytic disease. Which medication should
the nurse anticipate to be prescribed to decrease the bilirubin level? - CORRECT
ANSWER ✅✅✅Phenobarbital
Which of the following combinations may result in the hemolytic disease of the
newborn? - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅mother Rh negative, baby Rh positive
The nurse is caring for a newborn with hemolytic disease of the newborn who is
receiving phototherapy. Which of the following nursing interventions would be
most appropriate for the nurse to do? - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅The nurse
turns the newborn every 3 or 4 hours
A patient diagnosed with acute primary HIV infection is in the clinic. What
treatment should be initiated for this patient? - CORRECT ANSWER
✅✅✅Combination antiretroviral therapy
Didanosine therapy once daily
Zidovudine therapy once daily
Monotherapy protease inhibitor therapy
A patient has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A nurse realizes the HIV will
attack: - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅C) helper T cells.
The nursing instructor is discussing the development of human immunodeficiency
disease (HIV) with the students. What should the instructor inform the class about
helper T cells? - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Fighting infection *
A patient has DiGeorge syndrome. Which assessment findings should the nurse
monitor for in this patient? - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Low calcium levels
and tetany
A nurse is caring for a client who is deficient in T cells. Which result of this T cell
deficiency does the nurse anticipate? - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅B)
Decrease in leukocytes
C) Impaired cellular immunity
T cells are subtypes of leukocytes, and they are a key factor in cellular immunity;
therefore the client may experience impaired cellular immunity and a decrease in
leukocytes.
What is the purpose of pulmonary function testing - CORRECT ANSWER
✅✅✅To identify and measure pulmonary disease.
(2024–2025 Study Guide with Verified Q&A)
Housekeeping genes are vital to the function and maintenance of all the body's
cells. What characteristic is associated with these genes? - CORRECT ANSWER
✅✅✅D. They are transcriptionally active.
Mutations in the encoding of histones modifying proteins have been shown to
influence the development of what congenial condition - CORRECT ANSWER
✅✅✅Heart disease
Signals to change or modify epigenetic tags are ... from where? - CORRECT
ANSWER ✅✅✅Signals come from inside the cell, from neighboring cells or
the environment
During which stage of human development does the role of epigenetics have the
greatest impact on the development of epigenetic abnormalities - CORRECT
ANSWER ✅✅✅A. In utero
The difference between DNA sequence mutations and epigenetic modifications
is? - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Epigenetic modifications are REVERSIBLE
Explain the characteristics of totipotent stem cells and the sources of it -
CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Totipotent cells are cells that can mature into any
type of body cell in an organism including the cells that make up the placenta in
mammals. Totipotent cells are only present in mammals in the first few cell
divisions of an embryo.
Give 2 examples of totipotent cells - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅A zygote
Cells in the early embyro up to 5 days
What is a Totipotent cell? - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Totipotent cells are
cells that can differentiate into any type of body cell and extra embryonic tissue
What are the characteristics of Prader-Willi syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER
✅✅✅1. Chronic feeling of hunger (severe, even life-threatening obesity)
2. Low muscle tone
3. Short
4. Poor sex characteristic development
5. Behavioral problems
6. Poor cognitive development
,Angelman syndrome is sometimes called "happy puppet syndrome." What are
the signs of this disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅1. Severe mental
retardation
2. No speech
3. Abnormal gait
4. Wide stance
5. Arms held out kinda weird
What is the most common genetic cause of Prader-Willi syndrome? - CORRECT
ANSWER ✅✅✅A deletion of a segment of PATERNAL chromosome 15q.
The maternal counterpart is methylated via genomic imprinting.
What is the most common genetic cause of Angelman syndrome? - CORRECT
ANSWER ✅✅✅A deletion of a segment of MATERNAL chromosome 15q.
The paternal counterpart is methylated via genomic imprinting.
A child with Prader-Willi syndrome has been hospitalized. Which assessment
findings does the nurse expect with this syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER
✅✅✅Prader-Willi syndrome is characterized by insatiable hunger that can
lead to morbid obesity in childhood. Abnormal, puppetlike gait, paroxysms of
inappropriate laughter, and nonverbal are characteristics seen in Angelman
syndrome.
The nurse is examining an 8-year-old boy with chromosomal abnormalities.
Which sign or symptom suggests the boy has Angelman syndrome? - CORRECT
ANSWER ✅✅✅Observation shows jerky ataxic movement
Angelman syndrome is characterized by jerky ataxic movements, similar to a
puppet's gait. Hypotonicity is a symptom of Angelman syndrome as well as
Prader Willi syndrome, and Cri-du-chat. Cleft palate is a symptom of velo-cardio-
facial/DiGeorge syndrome
What is the role of inactive MLH1 in the development of some forms of inherited
colon cancer? - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅DNA Damage is left unrepaired
When considering abnormal epigenetic modifications, what factor is currently
being viewed as strongly associated with the development of some cancers? -
CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Environmental Stressors
42. The most common cause of pathologic hyperbilirubinemia is: - CORRECT
ANSWER ✅✅✅Hemolytic disorders in the newborn are the most common
cause of pathologic jaundice.
Which infant is most likely to express Rh incompatibility? - CORRECT ANSWER
✅✅✅Infant of an Rh-negative mother and a father who is Rh positive and
homozygous for the Rh factor
Rh-positive offspring of an Rh-negative mother are at risk for Rh incompatibility
, Rh hemolytic disease is suspected in a mother's second baby, a son. Which
factor is important in understanding how this could develop? - CORRECT
ANSWER ✅✅✅The first child was Rh positive
The nurse is caring for an infant with hemolytic disease. Which medication should
the nurse anticipate to be prescribed to decrease the bilirubin level? - CORRECT
ANSWER ✅✅✅Phenobarbital
Which of the following combinations may result in the hemolytic disease of the
newborn? - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅mother Rh negative, baby Rh positive
The nurse is caring for a newborn with hemolytic disease of the newborn who is
receiving phototherapy. Which of the following nursing interventions would be
most appropriate for the nurse to do? - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅The nurse
turns the newborn every 3 or 4 hours
A patient diagnosed with acute primary HIV infection is in the clinic. What
treatment should be initiated for this patient? - CORRECT ANSWER
✅✅✅Combination antiretroviral therapy
Didanosine therapy once daily
Zidovudine therapy once daily
Monotherapy protease inhibitor therapy
A patient has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A nurse realizes the HIV will
attack: - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅C) helper T cells.
The nursing instructor is discussing the development of human immunodeficiency
disease (HIV) with the students. What should the instructor inform the class about
helper T cells? - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Fighting infection *
A patient has DiGeorge syndrome. Which assessment findings should the nurse
monitor for in this patient? - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Low calcium levels
and tetany
A nurse is caring for a client who is deficient in T cells. Which result of this T cell
deficiency does the nurse anticipate? - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅B)
Decrease in leukocytes
C) Impaired cellular immunity
T cells are subtypes of leukocytes, and they are a key factor in cellular immunity;
therefore the client may experience impaired cellular immunity and a decrease in
leukocytes.
What is the purpose of pulmonary function testing - CORRECT ANSWER
✅✅✅To identify and measure pulmonary disease.
