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Exam (elaborations)

PNB 2250 - Exam 1 Questions with Complete Solutions 100% Verified| Latest Update Graded A+

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PNB 2250 - Exam 1 Questions with Complete Solutions 100% Verified| Latest Update Graded A+

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PNB 2250 - Exam 1 Questions with Complete Solutions 100% Verified| Latest
Update Graded A+


How do we solve problem of alveoli weakness? Pulmonary surfactant



Pulmonary surfactant Complex mixture of proteins, phospholipids, & cholesterol



True/False: Pulmonary surfactant forms in water droplets False - water in a sheet



Amphibians have how many lungs? What type? Two bidirectional



Reptiles have how many lungs? What type? One bidirectional



Birds have how many lungs? What type? Multiple air sacs, unidirectional



Mammals have how many lungs? What type? Two bidirectional



Amphibians are _____ breathers Positive pressure



Ventilation Muscle contraction to drive air movement



Diaphragm contraction Changes lung volume, decreases pressure



Ventilation passageways Conducting paths, no gas exchange

,Ventilation respiratory membrane Alveoli



____ is required to ventilate the lungs O2



____ is the driving force in terrestrial animals, but not aquatic animals CO2



Problem with Cutaneous respiration Skin must be thin, making it fragile and subject to
desiccation



Why can't mammals breathe through skin? Skin is too thick



Tracheal respirations Diffusive system

Series of hollow pipes (trachea) throughout an insect's body



Spiracles "Doors" involved in tracheal respiration



Tracheole A small pipe that branches off the trachea in an insect and is used for gas
exchange



What is a limiting factor for insect size? Respiration - amount of O2 being exchanged



How are birds able to be suspended in air Hollow bones reduce their density, lift supplied by
wings



Where does gas exchange in birds? Parabronchi

, Where does gas exchange in birds during exhalation? Air sac



The common ancestor of present fishes had ______ Gills & lungs



If life developed in the ocean, what was the drive toward terrestrial existence? - Danger of
desiccation

- Gills poorly suited for terrestrial life



Present evidence says the drive to ______ drove the formation of gills Osmoregulate



When did air breathing fish first appear? 430 MYA



Lungs in fish likely evolved from _____ Swim bladders



Air-gulping in fish most likely developed in ____. Why? Warm, shallow water

Energy required to swim to the surface is significant.



4-Cycle breathers Lung to mouth

Mouth to air

Air to mouth

Mouth to lung



2-Cycle breathers Outside to lungs

Lungs to outside

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