RNSG 1430 EXAM SCRIPT 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
RATED A+
✔✔how do the kidneys control BP - ✔✔Renin is produced and secreted by kidneys.
Renin is released in response to decreased renal perfusion, decreased arterial BP,
decreased ECF, Decreased serum Na concentration and increased urinary Na
concentration
-produce erythropoietin
✔✔erythropoietin - ✔✔- a hormone produced in the kidneys and secreted in response
to hypoxia and decreased renal blood flow. It stimulates RBC production in the bone
marrow. Erythropoietin deficiency occurs with kidney failure and leads to anemia.
✔✔parts of a nephron - ✔✔1. blood vessels
2. renal tubules
✔✔function of the nephron - ✔✔filtration and collection.
✔✔Formation of urine occurs through - ✔✔Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
✔✔Glomerular filtration represents the beginning of - ✔✔urine formation
✔✔glomerular filtration - ✔✔substances in blood pass through the filtration membrane
and the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron.
✔✔tubular reabsorption - ✔✔process of reclaiming water, electrolytes, and other
necessary elements from the tubular fluid and returning them to the blood
✔✔tubular secretion - ✔✔selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal
tubules and collecting ducts
✔✔The amount of water and electrolytes that are reabsorbed into the blood or excreted
in renal tubules is controlled by which hormones (5) - ✔✔Aldosterone, ADH, PTH,
Renin, atrial natriuretic factor).
✔✔min 20 - ✔✔
✔✔micturition reflex - ✔✔Micturition reflex causes the internal sphincter muscles to
relax and bladder wall to contract.
✔✔External sphincter relaxes and urine passes out of the body through the urethra
through a ___ movement. - ✔✔Voluntary
,✔✔Internal sphincter (smooth muscle) contracts involuntarily to prevent what -
✔✔leakage from the bladder.
✔✔External sphincter (skeletal muscle) is ___controlled. - ✔✔voluntarily
✔✔Bladder holds ___-___ mL of urine before the stretch receptors signal a need to
urinate. - ✔✔300-500
✔✔issues with elimination in infants and toddlers - ✔✔lack sphincter and muscle control
until early childhood (approximately 18-24 months old)
✔✔issues with elimination in pregnant woman - ✔✔Have increased urination due to
increased blood volume and fetus pressing on bowel and bladder.
Fetus can interfere with peristalsis causing constipation.
Pre-natal vitamins containing iron can cause constipation
✔✔issues with elimination in older adults - ✔✔Have decreased renal blood flow
Decreased numbers of functioning nephrons (decreased size of kidneys and sclerosis)
✔✔Age-related issues with elimination of the bowel - ✔✔Atrophy of smooth muscle in
the colon
Decreased mucous
Decreased tone of internal and external sphincters decreasing sensation of evacuation
✔✔Risk Factors associated with Altered Urinary Elimination - ✔✔Children <3 years old
Elderly (Men > women)
Pregnant women
Menopausal women
Diuretic use
✔✔positive Consequences for elimination - ✔✔Homeostasis
Active lifestyle
Positive socialization
Positive self esteem
Comfort
Therapeutic nutritional status
✔✔negative Consequences for elimination - ✔✔Incontinence
Urinary retention
-Pain
-Bladder infection
Bladder distention
Renal failure
, ✔✔Loss of urine - ✔✔Due to disruption in storage of emptying of bladder
Caused by dysfunction of external or internal urinary sphincter
Can be psychological or physical
✔✔loss of bowels - ✔✔(Diarrhea) caused by forceful intestinal peristalsis (cramping)
loss of sphincter control due to trauma
pathologic changes or neurologic injury
✔✔incontinence Causes an increased risk for - ✔✔skin breakdown
✔✔Urinary Retention - ✔✔Incomplete emptying after urination and/or complete inability
to urinate
Caused by malfunction in nervous system innervation to bladder or mechanical changes
in shape of bladder
✔✔examples of things that affect Urinary Retention - ✔✔Pregnant women have
retention of urine due to hard stool pressing against bladder
Obstruction from enlarged prostate
Medications
Post op after anesthesia or catheter use
Fear or anxiety
✔✔Discomfort - ✔✔Due to infection or irritation from lesions or genitalia
Usually presents as "burning"
✔✔Inflammation and Infection - ✔✔Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Nephritis
Pyelonephritis
Cystitis
✔✔Neoplasms - ✔✔Prostate
Kidney or bladder tumors
Intestinal tumors
✔✔Organ Failure of kidneys - ✔✔Acute Kidney Injury (Sudden)
Chronic Kidney Disease (Slow)
✔✔Heart Failure - ✔✔Reduces blood flow to the kidneys and GI system
✔✔in and out catheters - ✔✔drains bladder or to collect samples
✔✔assessment- history - ✔✔Patterns of urinary elimination
-Changes in frequency of urination
-Changes in appearance of urine
-Discomfort or difficulty
RATED A+
✔✔how do the kidneys control BP - ✔✔Renin is produced and secreted by kidneys.
Renin is released in response to decreased renal perfusion, decreased arterial BP,
decreased ECF, Decreased serum Na concentration and increased urinary Na
concentration
-produce erythropoietin
✔✔erythropoietin - ✔✔- a hormone produced in the kidneys and secreted in response
to hypoxia and decreased renal blood flow. It stimulates RBC production in the bone
marrow. Erythropoietin deficiency occurs with kidney failure and leads to anemia.
✔✔parts of a nephron - ✔✔1. blood vessels
2. renal tubules
✔✔function of the nephron - ✔✔filtration and collection.
✔✔Formation of urine occurs through - ✔✔Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
✔✔Glomerular filtration represents the beginning of - ✔✔urine formation
✔✔glomerular filtration - ✔✔substances in blood pass through the filtration membrane
and the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron.
✔✔tubular reabsorption - ✔✔process of reclaiming water, electrolytes, and other
necessary elements from the tubular fluid and returning them to the blood
✔✔tubular secretion - ✔✔selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal
tubules and collecting ducts
✔✔The amount of water and electrolytes that are reabsorbed into the blood or excreted
in renal tubules is controlled by which hormones (5) - ✔✔Aldosterone, ADH, PTH,
Renin, atrial natriuretic factor).
✔✔min 20 - ✔✔
✔✔micturition reflex - ✔✔Micturition reflex causes the internal sphincter muscles to
relax and bladder wall to contract.
✔✔External sphincter relaxes and urine passes out of the body through the urethra
through a ___ movement. - ✔✔Voluntary
,✔✔Internal sphincter (smooth muscle) contracts involuntarily to prevent what -
✔✔leakage from the bladder.
✔✔External sphincter (skeletal muscle) is ___controlled. - ✔✔voluntarily
✔✔Bladder holds ___-___ mL of urine before the stretch receptors signal a need to
urinate. - ✔✔300-500
✔✔issues with elimination in infants and toddlers - ✔✔lack sphincter and muscle control
until early childhood (approximately 18-24 months old)
✔✔issues with elimination in pregnant woman - ✔✔Have increased urination due to
increased blood volume and fetus pressing on bowel and bladder.
Fetus can interfere with peristalsis causing constipation.
Pre-natal vitamins containing iron can cause constipation
✔✔issues with elimination in older adults - ✔✔Have decreased renal blood flow
Decreased numbers of functioning nephrons (decreased size of kidneys and sclerosis)
✔✔Age-related issues with elimination of the bowel - ✔✔Atrophy of smooth muscle in
the colon
Decreased mucous
Decreased tone of internal and external sphincters decreasing sensation of evacuation
✔✔Risk Factors associated with Altered Urinary Elimination - ✔✔Children <3 years old
Elderly (Men > women)
Pregnant women
Menopausal women
Diuretic use
✔✔positive Consequences for elimination - ✔✔Homeostasis
Active lifestyle
Positive socialization
Positive self esteem
Comfort
Therapeutic nutritional status
✔✔negative Consequences for elimination - ✔✔Incontinence
Urinary retention
-Pain
-Bladder infection
Bladder distention
Renal failure
, ✔✔Loss of urine - ✔✔Due to disruption in storage of emptying of bladder
Caused by dysfunction of external or internal urinary sphincter
Can be psychological or physical
✔✔loss of bowels - ✔✔(Diarrhea) caused by forceful intestinal peristalsis (cramping)
loss of sphincter control due to trauma
pathologic changes or neurologic injury
✔✔incontinence Causes an increased risk for - ✔✔skin breakdown
✔✔Urinary Retention - ✔✔Incomplete emptying after urination and/or complete inability
to urinate
Caused by malfunction in nervous system innervation to bladder or mechanical changes
in shape of bladder
✔✔examples of things that affect Urinary Retention - ✔✔Pregnant women have
retention of urine due to hard stool pressing against bladder
Obstruction from enlarged prostate
Medications
Post op after anesthesia or catheter use
Fear or anxiety
✔✔Discomfort - ✔✔Due to infection or irritation from lesions or genitalia
Usually presents as "burning"
✔✔Inflammation and Infection - ✔✔Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Nephritis
Pyelonephritis
Cystitis
✔✔Neoplasms - ✔✔Prostate
Kidney or bladder tumors
Intestinal tumors
✔✔Organ Failure of kidneys - ✔✔Acute Kidney Injury (Sudden)
Chronic Kidney Disease (Slow)
✔✔Heart Failure - ✔✔Reduces blood flow to the kidneys and GI system
✔✔in and out catheters - ✔✔drains bladder or to collect samples
✔✔assessment- history - ✔✔Patterns of urinary elimination
-Changes in frequency of urination
-Changes in appearance of urine
-Discomfort or difficulty
