NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (FUNGAL INFECTIONS )FINAL AND ACTUAL
EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS|WALDEN UNIVERSITY| A+ GRADE
Fungal Infections:
1. Q: Which pathogen requires iron as an essential nutrient?
#$
%
Aspergillus fumigates Candida albicans ^&
Cryptococcus neoformans
Histoplasmosis: Aspergillus fumigates
2. Q: Which pathogen produces biofilms as a virulence mechanism?
Aspergillus fumigates Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Histoplasmosis: Candida albicans
3. Q: Which pathogen is encased in an immunosuppressive capsule to avoid cell mediated immune effects?
Aspergillus fumigatus Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Histoplasma capsulatum: Cryptococcus neoformans
4. Q: What is a patient at risk for developing due to administration of broad spectrum antimicrobials?
Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis Bronchial aspergillosis
Oropharyngeal candidiasis
Primary pulmonary cryptococcosis: Oropharyngeal candidiasis
5. Q: A female presents to the emergency department complaining of a dry cough, fatigue, headache, and dizziness for
the past five days. A neurological exam reveal no nuchal rigidity, and analysis of her CSF reveal a lymphocytic
pleocytosis. Her presentation and initial laboratory findings consistent with
.
chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis cryptococcal meningitis
invasive candidiasis
invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: cryptococcal meningitis
6. where are Candida pathogens found: normal flora - opportunistic common in hospitals
,7. how is Candida albicans opportunistic: asymptomatic colonizer
pathogenic when host mechanical or immune barriers disrupted (likely have under- lying condition)
8. why is Candida albicans common in hospitals: adhere to biological and inert surfaces as a biofilm
9. what forms does Candida albicans exist in: yeast or hyphae form produce biofilms and/or invade
tissues
10. Candida non-albilcans species: C. glabrata
C. parapsillosis
C. krusei
C. auris
11. C. glabrata: 2nd most important Candida
Variable susceptibility - somewhat resistant to fluconazole High mortality among
immunocompromised
12. C. parapsillosis: Acquired exogenously Forms biofilms -
nosocomial, inert surfaces Associated with outbreaks
13. C. krusei: Inherent resistance to fluconazole
14. C. auris: Multi-Drug Resistant Global
spread
Infects critically ill patients
15. first line response to Candida: Neutrophils
16. how do neutrophils kill Candida: opsonized - oxidatively (NADPH oxidase, myeloperoxidase)
un-opsonized - non-oxidatively (proteases, complement, adaptor proteins, kinases)
17. immune response to Candida when neutrophils fail: cell mediated immunity macrophages orchestrated by T cells
18. why is cell mediated immunity less effective than neutrophils in response to Candidiasis: macrophages can be
destroyed by fungus
phagocytosis stimulates hyphen growth hyphae puncture
and destroy phagocyte
19. what is a hyphae: outward cell wall projection too big to be ingested
by macrophage
leads to damage and destruction of host defense cell
20. do all Candida sp. develop hyphae: no
, 21. what triggers pseudo/hyphae: temp serum components
aa pH
CO2
22. Candida biofilm formation:
23. importance of Candida biofilms: potentiate infection and increase risk of mortality
makes it harder for host defense cells to penetrate
24. what happens when Candida switched from yeast to hyphae form: coloniza- tion
growth dissemination
25. Candida yeast form functions: attachment dissemination
26. Candida hyphal form functions: enables biofilm formation tissue invasion
27. drug effects on biofilm: degrade biofilm with drug so immune system can eradicate fungus
28. 2 Candida albicans virulence mech: cell-wall adhesions extracellularly released
enzymes
29. Candida albicans cell wall adhesions: - agglutinin-like sequences (hy- phal-specific ALS3)
- hyphen wall protein (Hwp1)
30. what do agluttinin-like sequences do in Candida albicans: mediates at- tachement to host tissue
plays a role in biofilm formation of prosthetic surfaces
31. what do hyphal wall proteins do in Candida albicans: mediates fungal adhe- sion to epithelial cells
32. Candida albicans extraceullualry released enzymes
Lipases, proteinases, esterases, hemolysins: facilitate tissue invasion and nutri- ent acquisition
aid lysing and destroying host cells
increase receptor adherence and host ab degradation
EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS|WALDEN UNIVERSITY| A+ GRADE
Fungal Infections:
1. Q: Which pathogen requires iron as an essential nutrient?
#$
%
Aspergillus fumigates Candida albicans ^&
Cryptococcus neoformans
Histoplasmosis: Aspergillus fumigates
2. Q: Which pathogen produces biofilms as a virulence mechanism?
Aspergillus fumigates Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Histoplasmosis: Candida albicans
3. Q: Which pathogen is encased in an immunosuppressive capsule to avoid cell mediated immune effects?
Aspergillus fumigatus Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Histoplasma capsulatum: Cryptococcus neoformans
4. Q: What is a patient at risk for developing due to administration of broad spectrum antimicrobials?
Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis Bronchial aspergillosis
Oropharyngeal candidiasis
Primary pulmonary cryptococcosis: Oropharyngeal candidiasis
5. Q: A female presents to the emergency department complaining of a dry cough, fatigue, headache, and dizziness for
the past five days. A neurological exam reveal no nuchal rigidity, and analysis of her CSF reveal a lymphocytic
pleocytosis. Her presentation and initial laboratory findings consistent with
.
chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis cryptococcal meningitis
invasive candidiasis
invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: cryptococcal meningitis
6. where are Candida pathogens found: normal flora - opportunistic common in hospitals
,7. how is Candida albicans opportunistic: asymptomatic colonizer
pathogenic when host mechanical or immune barriers disrupted (likely have under- lying condition)
8. why is Candida albicans common in hospitals: adhere to biological and inert surfaces as a biofilm
9. what forms does Candida albicans exist in: yeast or hyphae form produce biofilms and/or invade
tissues
10. Candida non-albilcans species: C. glabrata
C. parapsillosis
C. krusei
C. auris
11. C. glabrata: 2nd most important Candida
Variable susceptibility - somewhat resistant to fluconazole High mortality among
immunocompromised
12. C. parapsillosis: Acquired exogenously Forms biofilms -
nosocomial, inert surfaces Associated with outbreaks
13. C. krusei: Inherent resistance to fluconazole
14. C. auris: Multi-Drug Resistant Global
spread
Infects critically ill patients
15. first line response to Candida: Neutrophils
16. how do neutrophils kill Candida: opsonized - oxidatively (NADPH oxidase, myeloperoxidase)
un-opsonized - non-oxidatively (proteases, complement, adaptor proteins, kinases)
17. immune response to Candida when neutrophils fail: cell mediated immunity macrophages orchestrated by T cells
18. why is cell mediated immunity less effective than neutrophils in response to Candidiasis: macrophages can be
destroyed by fungus
phagocytosis stimulates hyphen growth hyphae puncture
and destroy phagocyte
19. what is a hyphae: outward cell wall projection too big to be ingested
by macrophage
leads to damage and destruction of host defense cell
20. do all Candida sp. develop hyphae: no
, 21. what triggers pseudo/hyphae: temp serum components
aa pH
CO2
22. Candida biofilm formation:
23. importance of Candida biofilms: potentiate infection and increase risk of mortality
makes it harder for host defense cells to penetrate
24. what happens when Candida switched from yeast to hyphae form: coloniza- tion
growth dissemination
25. Candida yeast form functions: attachment dissemination
26. Candida hyphal form functions: enables biofilm formation tissue invasion
27. drug effects on biofilm: degrade biofilm with drug so immune system can eradicate fungus
28. 2 Candida albicans virulence mech: cell-wall adhesions extracellularly released
enzymes
29. Candida albicans cell wall adhesions: - agglutinin-like sequences (hy- phal-specific ALS3)
- hyphen wall protein (Hwp1)
30. what do agluttinin-like sequences do in Candida albicans: mediates at- tachement to host tissue
plays a role in biofilm formation of prosthetic surfaces
31. what do hyphal wall proteins do in Candida albicans: mediates fungal adhe- sion to epithelial cells
32. Candida albicans extraceullualry released enzymes
Lipases, proteinases, esterases, hemolysins: facilitate tissue invasion and nutri- ent acquisition
aid lysing and destroying host cells
increase receptor adherence and host ab degradation
