BIO 322 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 2025

Pipetmans measure what amount of volume? - Correct Ans-1 ml (1000 ul) What measurements of pipette we have? - Correct Ans-P2, P20, P200, P1000 True/ False: There are only 3 places on the readout window of all pipet mans. Red places are decimals or commas. - Correct Ans-True True/ False: Hold pipet horizontally, insert the correct pipet tip to the shaft. Press firmly but not pound - Correct Ans-False: Hold it vertically Genomic DNA constitutes _________ of an organism. - Correct Ans-Total genetic information What is the genome of most of the organism? - Correct Ans-DNA , some viruses have RNA as their genomic material What are the genomic DNA material known as? - Correct Ans-Chromosome Chromosomes are organized into? - Correct Ans-DNA- protein complex Viral DNA genomes are...... - Correct Ans-Small and single stranded Where is most genomic DNA is located? - Correct Ans-Within the nucleus What is the location of DNA in Eukaryotes? - Correct Ans-nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts in plants. Genomic DNA contains..... - Correct Ans-Genes A gene comprises the? - Correct Ans--Coding region - regulatory elements for controlling gene expressions. What is the function of nucleases? - Correct Ans-cleave the phosphodiester bond in the DNA. It degrade the DNA. What is the function of nucleases? - Correct Ans-Degrading to DNA sequence to gain protection against viruses. DNA is subjected to ________ when stored in water, and should therefore be stored in ____________. - Correct Ans-acid hydrolysis, TE buffere Where you should store your DNA at all the time? - Correct Ans-On Ice, this with prevent in degradation of the DNA. What is the process of Lysing? - Correct Ans-Breaking down of the DNA. What is the plus point of aseptic and sterile technique? - Correct Ans-protecting the DNA from contamination. What are some aseptic techniques? - Correct Ans-- always start with sterile materials. - always clean your work bench -always wash your hands. -Always use fresh pipette tip and change between every sample. - Do not let your pipette touch anything. -After getting a tip on the pipette, close tip box. Don't touch insides of any of your tube, keep tubes closed at all times. What you should label on your tube? - Correct Ans-Name, Date, and What is Inside. Why do you want to freeze an insect before extracting the DNA? - Correct Ans-- For preservation of DNA integrity -Inactivation of enzymes Facilitation of tissue disruption -Convenience and flexibility Why did we used CTL buffer? - Correct Ans-It help in lysing process Why did we used the Proteinase K? - Correct Ans-Because it breakdown the protein. Why do we vortex? - Correct Ans-To mix things why is chloroform:isoamyl ratio is important? - Correct Ans-It purified the DNA by separating DNA from cellular components, denaturing proteins, inactivating nucleases, and removing contaminants. Why do we centrifuge the material? - Correct Ans-We centrifuge the material for the separation, concentrations and purification of biological and chemical samples. What measurement do we use to centrifuge? - Correct Ans-10,000 G (RCF) What is the function of BL buffer? - Correct Ans-- For analysis of DNA. - Sample preparation - denaturation - loading visualization of nucleic acid. What is the function of RNase A? - Correct Ans-Cleaves the RNA molecules What is the function of RNAse. - Correct Ans-Catalyze the degradation of RNA. What is the function of Elution buffer? - Correct Ans-this solution is used in chromatography and nucleic acid purification, to recover target molecules from a solid supporter or a column matrix. what equation are we using for DNA dilution? - Correct Ans-C1*V1= C2* V2 C1*V1= C2* V2 what do they represent? - Correct Ans-C1= Starting concentration. C2= hit 50 ng/ul V1= That is what we are looking for V2= Fixed volume What is CO1 gene? how it is working in the PCR? - Correct Ans-Gene of arthropod. it is the control group. What was our negative control? They are also negative for? - Correct Ans-Fruit fly DNA, Wolbachia What is our positive control? - Correct Ans-Flies that are infected by Wolbachia. What primer we are using for our Wolbachia, and it is amplifying what type of Wolbachia? - Correct Ans-16S ribosomal subunit of Wolbachia. Our arthropod primers are specific for __________ gene. - Correct Ans-Cytochrome Oxidase 1 PCR - Correct Ans-Polymerase chain reaction Why it was invented? - Correct Ans-Needed a way to make copies of a segment of DNA from a large, complex genome Who invented PCR? - Correct Ans-Kery Mullis How does PCR works? - Correct Ans-It is the technique that uses primers to amplify a region of a genome. What are the two regions of a strand? - Correct Ans-Coding region and Non-coding region What are the general uses of PCR? - Correct Ans--Determine Size -Nucleotide Sequence -DNA fingerprinting