5/12/25, 5:59 AM WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM-WITH 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS-/A+ GRADE
WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM-
WITH 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS-/A+ GRADE
A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by
low perfusion, which in turn begins to secrete renin.
Renin then triggers the liver to produce
angiotensinogen, which is converted to Angiotensin I
How does the RAAS
in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the enzyme
(Renin-Angiotensin-
Aldosterone System)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II
result in increased blood
stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstriction which
volume and increased
raises BP.
blood pressure?
Osteocytes absorb nutrients from the bloodstream
Describe the function of and distribute them within the bone structure.
osteocytes within lacunae
of bone Osteocytes absorb waste products from the bone
and excrete them into the bloodstream.
1/54
,5/12/25, 5:59 AM WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM-WITH 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS-/A+ GRADE
Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35-
7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2: 90-100 mm Hg
HCO3-: 22-26 mEq/L SaO2: 95-100%
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are marked by
changes in PCO2. Higher = acidosis and lower =
alkalosis
Describe the laboratory
findings associated with
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by
metabolic acidosis,
something other than abnormal CO2 levels. This could
metabolic alkalosis,
include toxicity, diabetes, renal failure or excessive GI
respiratory acidosis and
losses.
respiratory alkalosis. (ie
relative pH and CO2
Here are the rules to follow to determine if is
levels).
respiratory or metabolic in nature. -If pH and PCO2
are moving in opposite directions, then it is the pCO2
levels that are causing the imbalance and it is
respiratory in nature.
-If PCO2 is normal or is moving in the same direction
as the pH, then the imbalance is metabolic in nature.
2/54
,5/12/25, 5:59 AM WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM-WITH 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS-/A+ GRADE
The anion gap is the The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured anions
difference between in the blood.
measured cations (Na+
and K+) and measured Lactic acid and ketones both lead to the production
anions (Cl- and HCO3-), of unmeasured anions, which remove HCO3- (a
this calculation can be measured anion) due to buffering of the excess H+
useful in determining the and therefore leads to an increase in the AG.
cause of metabolic
acidosis.
Why would an increased
anion gap be observed in
diabetic ketoacidosis or
lactic acidosis?
Insulin is the hormone responsible for initiating the
uptake of glucose by the cells. Cells use glucose to
produce energy (ATP).
In a normal individual, when blood glucose increases,
Why is it important to the pancreas is signaled to produced in insulin, which
maintain a homeostatic binds to insulin receptors on a cells surface and
balance of glucose in the initiates the uptake of glucose.
blood (ie describe the
pathogenesis of Glucose is a very reactive molecule and if left in the
diabetes)? blood, it can start to bind to other proteins and lipids,
which can lead to loss of function.
AGEs are advanced glycation end products that are a
result of glucose reacting with the endothelial lining,
which can lead to damage in the heart and kidneys.
3/54
, 5/12/25, 5:59 AM WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM-WITH 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS-/A+ GRADE
Type I diabetes is caused by lack of insulin. With out
insulin signaling, glucose will not be taken into the
cell and leads to high blood glucose (hyperglycemia).
Type I is usually treated with insulin injections.
Compare and contrast Type II diabetes is caused by a desensitization to
Type I and Type II insulin signaling. The insulin receptors are no longer
Diabetes responding to insulin, which also leads to
hyperglycemia.
Type II is usually treated with drugs to increase the
sensitization to insulin (metformin), dietary and life-
style changes or insulin injections.
AEIOU-acidosis. Electrolytes, Intoxication/Ingestion,
overload, uremia. Patients with kidney or heart failure.
A build up of phosphates, urea and magnesium are
removed from the blood using a semi-permeable
Describe some reasons membrane and dialysate.
for a patient needing
dialysis AEIOU:
A—acidosis;
E—electrolytes principally hyperkalemia;
I—ingestions or overdose of medications/drugs;
O—overload of fluid causing heart failure;
U—uremia leading to encephalitis/pericarditis
4/54
WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM-
WITH 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS-/A+ GRADE
A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by
low perfusion, which in turn begins to secrete renin.
Renin then triggers the liver to produce
angiotensinogen, which is converted to Angiotensin I
How does the RAAS
in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the enzyme
(Renin-Angiotensin-
Aldosterone System)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II
result in increased blood
stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstriction which
volume and increased
raises BP.
blood pressure?
Osteocytes absorb nutrients from the bloodstream
Describe the function of and distribute them within the bone structure.
osteocytes within lacunae
of bone Osteocytes absorb waste products from the bone
and excrete them into the bloodstream.
1/54
,5/12/25, 5:59 AM WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM-WITH 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS-/A+ GRADE
Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35-
7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2: 90-100 mm Hg
HCO3-: 22-26 mEq/L SaO2: 95-100%
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are marked by
changes in PCO2. Higher = acidosis and lower =
alkalosis
Describe the laboratory
findings associated with
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by
metabolic acidosis,
something other than abnormal CO2 levels. This could
metabolic alkalosis,
include toxicity, diabetes, renal failure or excessive GI
respiratory acidosis and
losses.
respiratory alkalosis. (ie
relative pH and CO2
Here are the rules to follow to determine if is
levels).
respiratory or metabolic in nature. -If pH and PCO2
are moving in opposite directions, then it is the pCO2
levels that are causing the imbalance and it is
respiratory in nature.
-If PCO2 is normal or is moving in the same direction
as the pH, then the imbalance is metabolic in nature.
2/54
,5/12/25, 5:59 AM WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM-WITH 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS-/A+ GRADE
The anion gap is the The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured anions
difference between in the blood.
measured cations (Na+
and K+) and measured Lactic acid and ketones both lead to the production
anions (Cl- and HCO3-), of unmeasured anions, which remove HCO3- (a
this calculation can be measured anion) due to buffering of the excess H+
useful in determining the and therefore leads to an increase in the AG.
cause of metabolic
acidosis.
Why would an increased
anion gap be observed in
diabetic ketoacidosis or
lactic acidosis?
Insulin is the hormone responsible for initiating the
uptake of glucose by the cells. Cells use glucose to
produce energy (ATP).
In a normal individual, when blood glucose increases,
Why is it important to the pancreas is signaled to produced in insulin, which
maintain a homeostatic binds to insulin receptors on a cells surface and
balance of glucose in the initiates the uptake of glucose.
blood (ie describe the
pathogenesis of Glucose is a very reactive molecule and if left in the
diabetes)? blood, it can start to bind to other proteins and lipids,
which can lead to loss of function.
AGEs are advanced glycation end products that are a
result of glucose reacting with the endothelial lining,
which can lead to damage in the heart and kidneys.
3/54
, 5/12/25, 5:59 AM WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM-WITH 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS-/A+ GRADE
Type I diabetes is caused by lack of insulin. With out
insulin signaling, glucose will not be taken into the
cell and leads to high blood glucose (hyperglycemia).
Type I is usually treated with insulin injections.
Compare and contrast Type II diabetes is caused by a desensitization to
Type I and Type II insulin signaling. The insulin receptors are no longer
Diabetes responding to insulin, which also leads to
hyperglycemia.
Type II is usually treated with drugs to increase the
sensitization to insulin (metformin), dietary and life-
style changes or insulin injections.
AEIOU-acidosis. Electrolytes, Intoxication/Ingestion,
overload, uremia. Patients with kidney or heart failure.
A build up of phosphates, urea and magnesium are
removed from the blood using a semi-permeable
Describe some reasons membrane and dialysate.
for a patient needing
dialysis AEIOU:
A—acidosis;
E—electrolytes principally hyperkalemia;
I—ingestions or overdose of medications/drugs;
O—overload of fluid causing heart failure;
U—uremia leading to encephalitis/pericarditis
4/54
