GNUR 238 EXAM 2 ACTUAL QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED
2024/2025 (GRADED A+)
, pruritus - ANSWERitching
cyanosis - ANSWERbluish-gray discoloration of skin and mucous membranes caused
by an excess of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood
ecchymosis - ANSWERdiscoloration of skin or a mucous membrane caused by leakage
of blood into the subcutaneous tissue; can also be a bruise
erythema - ANSWERredness (of the skin)
jaundice - ANSWERa yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membrane, and sclera
pallow - ANSWERpale skin color that may appear white
petechiae - ANSWERtiny, flat purple or red spots on the surface of the skin resulting
from minute hemorrhages within the dermal or submucosal layers
clubbing - ANSWERbroadening and thickening fingernails or toenails associated with an
increased angle of the nail greater than 180 degrees
chronic hypoxia - ANSWERwhat is clubbing associated with?
leukonychia - ANSWERwhite spots on the nail plate; usually caused by minor trauma or
manipulation of the cuticle
primary lesion - ANSWERexpected variations of the skin
moles, freckles, patches, acne - ANSWERwhat do primary lesions include?
macule - ANSWERflat, circumscribed lesion of the skin or mucous membrane that is 1
cm or less in diameter
papule - ANSWERsolid, elevated, circumscribed, superficial lesion 1 cm or less in
diameter
plaque - ANSWERsolid, elevated, circumscribed, superficial lesion more than 1 cm in
diameter
wheal - ANSWERelevated, solid, transient lesion; often irregularly shaped but well
demarcated; an edematous response
nodule - ANSWERsolid skin elevation that extends into the dermal layer and that is 1 to
2 cm in diameter
AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED
2024/2025 (GRADED A+)
, pruritus - ANSWERitching
cyanosis - ANSWERbluish-gray discoloration of skin and mucous membranes caused
by an excess of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood
ecchymosis - ANSWERdiscoloration of skin or a mucous membrane caused by leakage
of blood into the subcutaneous tissue; can also be a bruise
erythema - ANSWERredness (of the skin)
jaundice - ANSWERa yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membrane, and sclera
pallow - ANSWERpale skin color that may appear white
petechiae - ANSWERtiny, flat purple or red spots on the surface of the skin resulting
from minute hemorrhages within the dermal or submucosal layers
clubbing - ANSWERbroadening and thickening fingernails or toenails associated with an
increased angle of the nail greater than 180 degrees
chronic hypoxia - ANSWERwhat is clubbing associated with?
leukonychia - ANSWERwhite spots on the nail plate; usually caused by minor trauma or
manipulation of the cuticle
primary lesion - ANSWERexpected variations of the skin
moles, freckles, patches, acne - ANSWERwhat do primary lesions include?
macule - ANSWERflat, circumscribed lesion of the skin or mucous membrane that is 1
cm or less in diameter
papule - ANSWERsolid, elevated, circumscribed, superficial lesion 1 cm or less in
diameter
plaque - ANSWERsolid, elevated, circumscribed, superficial lesion more than 1 cm in
diameter
wheal - ANSWERelevated, solid, transient lesion; often irregularly shaped but well
demarcated; an edematous response
nodule - ANSWERsolid skin elevation that extends into the dermal layer and that is 1 to
2 cm in diameter
