GNUR 238 FOUNDATIONS EXAM 3
QUESTIONS 100% SOLVED.
,Barrel Chest - ANSWER• Caused by over-inflation of the lungs, ribs are more widely
spaced and bulge (eg. emphysema)
Xiphoid Process - ANSWER• Lower portion of the sternum
Clubbing - ANSWER• Broadening and thickening of fingernails or toes in associating
with increased angle of the nail greater than 180*. Associated with Hypoxia
Aveoli - ANSWER• Tiny sacs in the lungs which gas exchange takes place. Each
bronchiole opens up into alveolar duct that is subdivided.
Visceral Lining - ANSWER• Serous membrane
• Lines the lungs
Parietal Lining - ANSWER• Serous membrane
• Protects the chest cavity walls and the diaphragm
(Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 182)
Anterior-posterior to Transverse diameters - ANSWERTransverse Diameters are 2x the
diameters of the Anterior-posterior diameters
Costal Angle - ANSWER• The angle between the ribs at the costal margins. Usually 90
degrees or less.
Oxygenation - ANSWER• Processes that facilitate and impair carrying oxygen to tissues
and carrying carbon dioxide from tissues
• Required for optimal function of perfusion, intracranial regulation, metabolism, motion,
tissue integrity, nutrition, and sleep
(Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 181)
Ventilation - ANSWER• The process of moving gases in and out of the lungs by
inspiration and expiration
(Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 181)
Diffusion - ANSWER• The process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide move from
areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration
(Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 181-182)
, Midclavicular lines - ANSWER• Imaginary vertical lines on the right and left sides of the
chest that are "drawn" through the clavicle midpoints parallel to the midsternal line
(Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 185)
Dyspnea - ANSWER• Breathing that is labored or difficult
Adventitious breath sounds - ANSWER• Breath sounds that are not normal
• Includes the following: crackles (previously called rales), wheeze, rhonchi, and pleural
friction rub
(Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 194)
Respiratory stridor - ANSWER• Harsh, high-pitched sound associated with breathing
often caused by laryngeal or tracheal obstruction
• More prominent over the neck than the chest
(Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 194)
Fine crackles - ANSWER• Soft, high-pitched, and very brief sounds during late
inspiration and not cleared by coughing or altered by changing body position
• Popping noises (discontinuous sounds)
(Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 194; Yoost & Crawford, 2016, p. 369)
Coarse crackles - ANSWER• Loud, effervescent sounds heard best during inspiration
and not relieved after coughing
(Yoost & Crawford, 2016, p. 369)
Crackles Presenting in - ANSWERPneumonia, heart failure, restrictive pulmonary
disease
Wheeze - ANSWER• High-pitched, musical sound similar to a squeak
• Heard more commonly during expiration but may also be heard during inspiration
• Occurs in small airways
(Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 194)
Wheezing Presenting in - ANSWERAirway disease, thickness of airway increases
QUESTIONS 100% SOLVED.
,Barrel Chest - ANSWER• Caused by over-inflation of the lungs, ribs are more widely
spaced and bulge (eg. emphysema)
Xiphoid Process - ANSWER• Lower portion of the sternum
Clubbing - ANSWER• Broadening and thickening of fingernails or toes in associating
with increased angle of the nail greater than 180*. Associated with Hypoxia
Aveoli - ANSWER• Tiny sacs in the lungs which gas exchange takes place. Each
bronchiole opens up into alveolar duct that is subdivided.
Visceral Lining - ANSWER• Serous membrane
• Lines the lungs
Parietal Lining - ANSWER• Serous membrane
• Protects the chest cavity walls and the diaphragm
(Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 182)
Anterior-posterior to Transverse diameters - ANSWERTransverse Diameters are 2x the
diameters of the Anterior-posterior diameters
Costal Angle - ANSWER• The angle between the ribs at the costal margins. Usually 90
degrees or less.
Oxygenation - ANSWER• Processes that facilitate and impair carrying oxygen to tissues
and carrying carbon dioxide from tissues
• Required for optimal function of perfusion, intracranial regulation, metabolism, motion,
tissue integrity, nutrition, and sleep
(Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 181)
Ventilation - ANSWER• The process of moving gases in and out of the lungs by
inspiration and expiration
(Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 181)
Diffusion - ANSWER• The process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide move from
areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration
(Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 181-182)
, Midclavicular lines - ANSWER• Imaginary vertical lines on the right and left sides of the
chest that are "drawn" through the clavicle midpoints parallel to the midsternal line
(Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 185)
Dyspnea - ANSWER• Breathing that is labored or difficult
Adventitious breath sounds - ANSWER• Breath sounds that are not normal
• Includes the following: crackles (previously called rales), wheeze, rhonchi, and pleural
friction rub
(Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 194)
Respiratory stridor - ANSWER• Harsh, high-pitched sound associated with breathing
often caused by laryngeal or tracheal obstruction
• More prominent over the neck than the chest
(Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 194)
Fine crackles - ANSWER• Soft, high-pitched, and very brief sounds during late
inspiration and not cleared by coughing or altered by changing body position
• Popping noises (discontinuous sounds)
(Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 194; Yoost & Crawford, 2016, p. 369)
Coarse crackles - ANSWER• Loud, effervescent sounds heard best during inspiration
and not relieved after coughing
(Yoost & Crawford, 2016, p. 369)
Crackles Presenting in - ANSWERPneumonia, heart failure, restrictive pulmonary
disease
Wheeze - ANSWER• High-pitched, musical sound similar to a squeak
• Heard more commonly during expiration but may also be heard during inspiration
• Occurs in small airways
(Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 194)
Wheezing Presenting in - ANSWERAirway disease, thickness of airway increases
