NURS 5315 UTA ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+|| LATEST AND COMPLETE VERSION WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS|| ASSURED PASS!!
1.Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - ANSWER Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold
of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
2. The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: - ANSWER 1.
Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to
hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty
acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA
for ketogenesis and lipogenesis
3. What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - ANSWER Heart disease, Alzheimers,
Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM,
ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment
DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
4. What is the body's defense against ROS? - ANSWER Antioxidants (Vitamin E,
Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
5. How are free radicals produced? - ANSWER 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
,5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
6. action potential - ANSWER Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the
neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
7. Threshold potential - ANSWER Point at which depolarization must reach in
order to initiate an action potential
8.Hypokalemia and action potentials - ANSWER HYPERpolarized (more negative,
ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth
muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
9. Hyperkalemia and action potentials - ANSWER HYPOpolarized (more positive,
ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac
standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
10. Hypocalcemia and action potentials - ANSWER Increased permeability to Na+.
More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures,
dysrhythmias.
11. Hypercalcemia and action potentials - ANSWER Decreased permeability to
Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
encephalopathy, depressed T waves
12. Atrophy - ANSWER Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the
cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply,
, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new
homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular
death.
13. Atrophy examples - ANSWER Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus
gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
14. Hypertrophy - ANSWER Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in
size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
15. Hypertrophy examples - ANSWER physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is
surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in
hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
16. Hyperplasia - ANSWER Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased
rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
17. Hyperplasia examples - ANSWER 1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia
of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and
breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the
endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for endometrial
cancer
ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+|| LATEST AND COMPLETE VERSION WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS|| ASSURED PASS!!
1.Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - ANSWER Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold
of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
2. The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: - ANSWER 1.
Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to
hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty
acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA
for ketogenesis and lipogenesis
3. What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - ANSWER Heart disease, Alzheimers,
Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM,
ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment
DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
4. What is the body's defense against ROS? - ANSWER Antioxidants (Vitamin E,
Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
5. How are free radicals produced? - ANSWER 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
,5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
6. action potential - ANSWER Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the
neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
7. Threshold potential - ANSWER Point at which depolarization must reach in
order to initiate an action potential
8.Hypokalemia and action potentials - ANSWER HYPERpolarized (more negative,
ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth
muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
9. Hyperkalemia and action potentials - ANSWER HYPOpolarized (more positive,
ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac
standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
10. Hypocalcemia and action potentials - ANSWER Increased permeability to Na+.
More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures,
dysrhythmias.
11. Hypercalcemia and action potentials - ANSWER Decreased permeability to
Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
encephalopathy, depressed T waves
12. Atrophy - ANSWER Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the
cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply,
, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new
homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular
death.
13. Atrophy examples - ANSWER Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus
gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
14. Hypertrophy - ANSWER Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in
size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
15. Hypertrophy examples - ANSWER physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is
surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in
hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
16. Hyperplasia - ANSWER Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased
rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
17. Hyperplasia examples - ANSWER 1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia
of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and
breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the
endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for endometrial
cancer
