Pathophysiology Gould Health Professions Chapter 14 EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025

CNS - -Brain and spinal cord PNS - -Cranial and spinal nerves, sensory neurons, neuromuscular junctions Brain - -control center of body, receives, processes, evaluates info & initiates response Meninges - -3 connective tissue layers covering brain and spinal cord Dura matter - -Is the outermost tough double layered membrane of the meninges Pia matter - -Is a very thin membrane that adheres closely to the brain and spinal cord (part of meninges) Cerebrospinal fluid - -Shock absorbing fluid, provides cushion for brain and spinal cord, formed in choroid plexus Arachnoid - -2nd of meninges, weblike thin delicate membrane Subarachnoid space - -Contain CSF Arachnoid villi - -are projections of arachnoid into dural sinuses where csf can be absorbed into venous blood Blood brain barrier - -is a barrier that limits passage of damaging materials into brain but allows lipid substances to pass, controls balance of electrolytes, is poorly developed in neonates Blood CSF barrier - -Located at choroid plexus, controls constituents of CSF Cerebral hemispheres - -Largest area of brain, longitudinal fissure separates two hemispheres, covered by elevations called gyri separated by grooves called sulci Subdural space - -lies beneath the dura and is a potential space Choroid Plexus - -areas of highly vascularized tissue located in each of 4 ventricles of brain Cortex - -gray matter (nerve cell bodies) on the surface of the brain Corpus Callosum - -white matter (myelinated nerve bundles, tract) that connects the hemispheres 5 major hemisphere of brain - -prefrontal, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes Frontal lobe - -associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving, personality, creativity Parietal lobe - -is responsible for integrating info about touch and visual, auditory and taste sensations Occipital lobe - -contains visual centers; primary visual area receives vision info, visual association area integrates info Temporal lobe - -primary auditory area receives info, auditory association area integrates info, smell, memory Broca's area - -directs formation of words, located at the base of left frontal lobe Wernicke's area - -integration center that comprehends language, located in temporal lobe Basal Nuclei - -part of EPS, is associated with coordination and control of skeletal muscle activty Cerebellum - -coordinates movement, maintains of posture and equilibrium, input from pyramidal system, receives input from proprioceptors in muscles and joints, receives input from visual and vestibular pathways Medulla Oblongata - -control and coordination centers for respiration and cardiovascular activity, swallow reflex center, vomiting reflex, cough reflex, nuclei of 5 cranial nerves Hypothalmus - -regulates temperature, libido and sleep cycles maintains homeostasis, centers for thirst and hunger, major role in stress response and emotional response Thalamus - -relay station for incoming sensory impulses Reticular activating system - -arousal or awareness Limbic system - -consists of many nuclei and connecting fibers, is responsible for emotional reactions or feelings Epithalmus - -acts as connection between limbic system and other areas of brain Prefrontal cortex - -coordinates complex cognitive behavior, components for expression of personality Diencephalon - -contains thalamus and hypothalamus, is the central portion of brain Pons - -serves as a bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum, composed of bundles of afferent and efferent fibers, several nuclei of cranial nerves Brainstem - -is the connecting link to spinal cord, includes the medulla, pons, midbrain Reticular Formation - -is a network of nuclei and neurons scattered throughout brain stem that has connections to many parts of the brain Reticular activating system - -is part of the reticular formation and determines the degree of arousal or awareness of the cerebral cortex, drugs can affect activity of RAS Internal Carotid Artery - -is a branch of a common carotid artery and includes the carotid sinus Anterior cerebral artery - -supplies frontal lobe Middle cerebral artery - -supplies lateral part of the cerebral hemispheres Basilar artery - -formed by vertebral arteries, supplies branches to brain stem and cerebellum as it ascends Circle of Willis - -arrangement formed by anastomosis between major arteries, provides an alternative source of blood when the internal carotid or vertebral artery is obstructed, surrounds pituitary glands and optic chiasm Anteroir communicating artery - -between the anterior cerebral arteries Posterior communicating artery - -between the middle cerebral and posterior cerebral arteries Anastomoses - -between these major arteries at the base of the brain have sources, anterior communicating artery and posterior communicating artery, forms circle of willis Autoregulation - -is a mechanism by which increased CO2 levels or decreased pH in blood or decreased bp results in immediate local vasodilation Cranial nerves - -12 pairs that originate from various parts of brain, numbered from ventral to dorsal, may contain motor fibers only, sensory fibers only or both motor and sensory fibers Spinal cord - -protected by bony vertebral column, meninges and CSF, continous with the medulla oblongata and ends at lower border of 1st lumbar vertebra, consists of white matter containing spinal cord tracts, gray matter containing nerve cell bodies Cauda equina - -a bundle of nerve roots in spinal cord Anterior horns - -cell bodies of motor neurons in gray matter in spinal cord Posterior horns - -interneurons associated with spinal cord Lateral horns - -visceral motor neurons associated with spinal cord White matter in spinal cord - -afferent sensory fibers and efferent motor fibers are organized into tracts, ascending tracts spinal cord to brain and descending tracts brain to spinal cord Spinal Nerves - -31 pairs, connected to spinal cord by roots, ventral anterior root (motor efferent fibers) and dorsal posterior root (sensory afferent fibers) Reflexes - -automatic rapid involuntary responses to a stimulus Neurons - -highly specialized nonmitotic cells that conduct impulses throughout CNS and PNS Axons - -conduct impulses away from cell body Dendrites - -conduct impulses toward cell body