ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
The antibiotics that are in the bacteriostatic category are: - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅clindamycin,
macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines.
the focus of Bacteriostatic drugs - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅killing the bacteria that is causing illness
and less on inhibiting the growth of the bacteria.
The antibiotics that are in the bactericidal category are: - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅aminoglycosides,
beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, metronidazole and most antimycobacterial agents, streptogramins and
vancomycin.
the focus of bactericidal antibiotics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅there is just as much emphasis on
killing the offending bacteria as there is in stopping the growth or spread of the infection.
in patients that have a life-threatening infection or if they are immunocompromised what type of
antibiotic is preferred - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅bactericidal drugs are preferred.
name reasons for antibiotic resistance in the clinical setting: - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1) Not
knowing if our patient has had a recent use of an antibiotic and 2) Provider overuse of broad-spectrum
antibiotics.
________________ is used as the first-line therapy for acute otitis media (AOM) and sinusitis. -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Amoxicillin
Beta-Lactams: PENICILLIN that is first-line therapy for acute otitis media (AOM) and sinusitis.
The recommended treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Penicillin (PCN)
What is the first-line therapy for infection following bites, including human. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Amoxicillin/clavulanate
, What is the Pharmacodynamics of Beta-Lactams: PENICILLINS - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Inhibits the
biosynthesis of peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall (bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibitors).
Aminopenicillins are more effective on which type of bacteria? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅greater
activity against gram-negative bacteria due to enhanced ability to penetrate the outer membrane
organisms
Uses of Beta-Lactams: PENICILLINs - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Used for gram-negative urinary and
gastrointestinal (GI) pathogens: E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, some Shigella species, and
Enterococcus faecalis
Gram-negative respiratory pathogens: Moraxella catarrhalis (and Haemophilus influenza type B)
how are Beta-Lactams: PENICILLINs spectrum broadened? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Combination
with beta-lactamase inhibitors to broaden their spectrum:
clavulanate, sulbactam, tazobactam
Pharmacokinetics of Beta-Lactams: PENICILLINs - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅*Primarily excreted as
unchanged drugs in urine
*Most penicillins are well-absorbed from GI tract.
*several are unstable in acid: dicloxacillin and amoxicillin
What increases the risk for toxicity in Beta-Lactams: PENICILLINs ? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅*renal
insufficiency and probenecid prolongs the half-life which increases the risk for toxicity.
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of Penicillins - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅*serious immediate allergic
reactions within 2 to 30 minutes of administration.
*maculopapular rash (not allergic in origin) appears 7 to 10 days into treatment
* GI: diarrhea, nausea/vomiting (n/v), the addition of clavulanate increases risk of diarrhea
*Fungal overgrowth
*difficilecolitis risk
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
The antibiotics that are in the bacteriostatic category are: - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅clindamycin,
macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines.
the focus of Bacteriostatic drugs - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅killing the bacteria that is causing illness
and less on inhibiting the growth of the bacteria.
The antibiotics that are in the bactericidal category are: - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅aminoglycosides,
beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, metronidazole and most antimycobacterial agents, streptogramins and
vancomycin.
the focus of bactericidal antibiotics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅there is just as much emphasis on
killing the offending bacteria as there is in stopping the growth or spread of the infection.
in patients that have a life-threatening infection or if they are immunocompromised what type of
antibiotic is preferred - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅bactericidal drugs are preferred.
name reasons for antibiotic resistance in the clinical setting: - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1) Not
knowing if our patient has had a recent use of an antibiotic and 2) Provider overuse of broad-spectrum
antibiotics.
________________ is used as the first-line therapy for acute otitis media (AOM) and sinusitis. -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Amoxicillin
Beta-Lactams: PENICILLIN that is first-line therapy for acute otitis media (AOM) and sinusitis.
The recommended treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Penicillin (PCN)
What is the first-line therapy for infection following bites, including human. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Amoxicillin/clavulanate
, What is the Pharmacodynamics of Beta-Lactams: PENICILLINS - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Inhibits the
biosynthesis of peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall (bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibitors).
Aminopenicillins are more effective on which type of bacteria? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅greater
activity against gram-negative bacteria due to enhanced ability to penetrate the outer membrane
organisms
Uses of Beta-Lactams: PENICILLINs - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Used for gram-negative urinary and
gastrointestinal (GI) pathogens: E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, some Shigella species, and
Enterococcus faecalis
Gram-negative respiratory pathogens: Moraxella catarrhalis (and Haemophilus influenza type B)
how are Beta-Lactams: PENICILLINs spectrum broadened? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Combination
with beta-lactamase inhibitors to broaden their spectrum:
clavulanate, sulbactam, tazobactam
Pharmacokinetics of Beta-Lactams: PENICILLINs - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅*Primarily excreted as
unchanged drugs in urine
*Most penicillins are well-absorbed from GI tract.
*several are unstable in acid: dicloxacillin and amoxicillin
What increases the risk for toxicity in Beta-Lactams: PENICILLINs ? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅*renal
insufficiency and probenecid prolongs the half-life which increases the risk for toxicity.
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of Penicillins - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅*serious immediate allergic
reactions within 2 to 30 minutes of administration.
*maculopapular rash (not allergic in origin) appears 7 to 10 days into treatment
* GI: diarrhea, nausea/vomiting (n/v), the addition of clavulanate increases risk of diarrhea
*Fungal overgrowth
*difficilecolitis risk
