NUR 3145 Exam 1 with 87 complete
answers rated 100%.
NUR 3145 Exam 1 with 87 complete
answers rated 100%.
Therapeutic drug serum levels - ANSWER narrow range of medication in bloodstream, for desired
results; clinical status of patient is appropriate for condition; peak and trough levels (measured by serum
blood levels)
nontherapeutic drug serum levels can be either: - ANSWER undertherapeutic or toxic
toxic drug serum levels - ANSWER greater than therapeutic dose range; increased adverse effects
under-therapeutic drug serum levels - ANSWER not enough drug for desired effect; may contribute to
drug-resistant organisms
o Drug Bioavailability - ANSWER % of active drug absorbed that reaches target tissues
o Drug Bioavailability: determinants - ANSWER route/form of drug; blood flow; liver/kidney function;
acid-base environment; presence of food, resident bacteria, motility in GI tract; presence of pain/stress;
other drugs
o Oral Absorption (PO): - ANSWER absorbed from GI tract to body tissues; slower
-Diffuses across cell membrane; assisted by carrier enzymes or proteins; engulfed by cellular
membranes (pinocytosis)
-Easier, more convenient, less expensive; safer than injection; dosage easier to reverse through
intervention in case of accident
o Parenteral Absorption: - ANSWER by injection; bypass GI tract
Intravenous - ANSWER absorbed directly into bloodstream
,NUR 3145 Exam 1 with 87 complete
answers rated 100%.
• Rapid onset, since drug is administered directly to bloodstream
• Allows for more direct control of drug level in blood; Gives option of larger fluid volume, therefore
diluting irritating drugs
• Avoids first-pass metabolism
Intramuscular - ANSWER : absorbed from blood supply of muscles
• Good for poorly soluble drugs, often given in "depot" preparation form and then absorbed over a long
period of time
• Onsets of action depend on route
Subcutaneous: - ANSWER absorbed through capillaries
• Same benefits as IM
o Other routes:
Topical - ANSWER : transdermal
• Delivers medication directly to affected area; decreases likelihood of systemic drug effects
o Other routes: Inhalational - ANSWER • Provides rapid absorption; drug delivered directly to lung
tissue, where most of these drugs exert their action
o Other routes: Sublingual, buccal - ANSWER • Absorbed more rapidly from oral mucosa, leading to a
more rapid onset; avoids breakdown of drug by stomach acids; avoids first-pass metabolism
o Other routes: Rectal (Suppository) - ANSWER • Relatively rapid absorption, good alternative when oral
route is not available; good for local or systemic drug delivery; usually leads to mixed first-pass and non-
first-pass metabolism
What does the protein-binding ability level of a drug mean? How do albumin levels affect drug levels in
the bloodstream? - ANSWER o Lower albumin (protein) levels increase drug levels in the bloodstream,
, NUR 3145 Exam 1 with 87 complete
answers rated 100%.
because there are less proteins available to create bound, drug-protein complexes (inactive drugs, too
large to pass through capillary walls of tissues)
4. Why is cytochrome P-450 so important? - ANSWER o Microsomal enzymes; aid in metabolism of
medications; target lipid soluble (non-polar, lipophilic, fat-loving) drugs, which are typically difficult to
eliminate
What happens when grapefruit juice is taken with a drug that interacts with cytochrome P-450? -
ANSWER
o Side effect: - ANSWER : expected averse drug reaction
Undesirable = unexpected (i.e. allergic reaction: hypersensitivity response involving immune system)
o Adverse reaction: - ANSWER : any undesirable drug occurrence
Adverse reaction: Idiosyncratic reaction: - ANSWER occurs unexpectedly in individual patient; genetically
inherited traits
Idiosyncratic reaction:
• Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD): - ANSWER ): when exposed to drugs such as
sulfonamides, anti-malarials, and aspirin, patients may suffer life-threatening hemolysis of RBCs; (13-
20%) African-American, Kurdish Jewish (50%), Sardinians (14%)
adverse reaction: Drug-induced teratogenesis - ANSWER : cause fetal structural defects; BLACK BOX
WARNING
adverse reaction: Mutagenic effects: - ANSWER permanently changes genetic composition of living cells
Adverse reactions: carcinogenic reactions - ANSWER cancer causing
answers rated 100%.
NUR 3145 Exam 1 with 87 complete
answers rated 100%.
Therapeutic drug serum levels - ANSWER narrow range of medication in bloodstream, for desired
results; clinical status of patient is appropriate for condition; peak and trough levels (measured by serum
blood levels)
nontherapeutic drug serum levels can be either: - ANSWER undertherapeutic or toxic
toxic drug serum levels - ANSWER greater than therapeutic dose range; increased adverse effects
under-therapeutic drug serum levels - ANSWER not enough drug for desired effect; may contribute to
drug-resistant organisms
o Drug Bioavailability - ANSWER % of active drug absorbed that reaches target tissues
o Drug Bioavailability: determinants - ANSWER route/form of drug; blood flow; liver/kidney function;
acid-base environment; presence of food, resident bacteria, motility in GI tract; presence of pain/stress;
other drugs
o Oral Absorption (PO): - ANSWER absorbed from GI tract to body tissues; slower
-Diffuses across cell membrane; assisted by carrier enzymes or proteins; engulfed by cellular
membranes (pinocytosis)
-Easier, more convenient, less expensive; safer than injection; dosage easier to reverse through
intervention in case of accident
o Parenteral Absorption: - ANSWER by injection; bypass GI tract
Intravenous - ANSWER absorbed directly into bloodstream
,NUR 3145 Exam 1 with 87 complete
answers rated 100%.
• Rapid onset, since drug is administered directly to bloodstream
• Allows for more direct control of drug level in blood; Gives option of larger fluid volume, therefore
diluting irritating drugs
• Avoids first-pass metabolism
Intramuscular - ANSWER : absorbed from blood supply of muscles
• Good for poorly soluble drugs, often given in "depot" preparation form and then absorbed over a long
period of time
• Onsets of action depend on route
Subcutaneous: - ANSWER absorbed through capillaries
• Same benefits as IM
o Other routes:
Topical - ANSWER : transdermal
• Delivers medication directly to affected area; decreases likelihood of systemic drug effects
o Other routes: Inhalational - ANSWER • Provides rapid absorption; drug delivered directly to lung
tissue, where most of these drugs exert their action
o Other routes: Sublingual, buccal - ANSWER • Absorbed more rapidly from oral mucosa, leading to a
more rapid onset; avoids breakdown of drug by stomach acids; avoids first-pass metabolism
o Other routes: Rectal (Suppository) - ANSWER • Relatively rapid absorption, good alternative when oral
route is not available; good for local or systemic drug delivery; usually leads to mixed first-pass and non-
first-pass metabolism
What does the protein-binding ability level of a drug mean? How do albumin levels affect drug levels in
the bloodstream? - ANSWER o Lower albumin (protein) levels increase drug levels in the bloodstream,
, NUR 3145 Exam 1 with 87 complete
answers rated 100%.
because there are less proteins available to create bound, drug-protein complexes (inactive drugs, too
large to pass through capillary walls of tissues)
4. Why is cytochrome P-450 so important? - ANSWER o Microsomal enzymes; aid in metabolism of
medications; target lipid soluble (non-polar, lipophilic, fat-loving) drugs, which are typically difficult to
eliminate
What happens when grapefruit juice is taken with a drug that interacts with cytochrome P-450? -
ANSWER
o Side effect: - ANSWER : expected averse drug reaction
Undesirable = unexpected (i.e. allergic reaction: hypersensitivity response involving immune system)
o Adverse reaction: - ANSWER : any undesirable drug occurrence
Adverse reaction: Idiosyncratic reaction: - ANSWER occurs unexpectedly in individual patient; genetically
inherited traits
Idiosyncratic reaction:
• Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD): - ANSWER ): when exposed to drugs such as
sulfonamides, anti-malarials, and aspirin, patients may suffer life-threatening hemolysis of RBCs; (13-
20%) African-American, Kurdish Jewish (50%), Sardinians (14%)
adverse reaction: Drug-induced teratogenesis - ANSWER : cause fetal structural defects; BLACK BOX
WARNING
adverse reaction: Mutagenic effects: - ANSWER permanently changes genetic composition of living cells
Adverse reactions: carcinogenic reactions - ANSWER cancer causing
