IB SEHS Exam paper 1 and 2
1. Distinguish anatomically AXIAL
between the axial and ap- •skull, spine, ribs, and sternum
pendicular skeleton •provides central support, attachment points, and protects nervous
system
APPENDICULAR
•includes appendages of the body
-shoulders, arms, hips, and legs
•provides movement and appendages
2. state the 4 types of bone 1. Long (humerus)
2.Short (carpals)
3. Flat (parietal of skull)
4. Irregular (vertebrae)
3. Apply anatomical termi- •inferior
nology to the location of -below or further away from the head
bones
•superior
-above or nearer to the head
•proximal
-nearer to where a limb attaches to the body
•distal
-further away from where a limb attaches to the body
, IB SEHS Exam paper 1 and 2
•posterior
-behind or nearer to the back
•anterior
-in front or nearer to the front
•external
-on or near the surface of the body
•lateral
-further away from the midline of the body
•medial
-closer to the midline of the body
4. ID and Outline the func- •Tendons
tions of connective tissue -connect muscles to bones
•ligaments
-tough, elastic fibers that link bones to bones
•cartilage
-prevents ends of bones from rubbing together
-lubricates joint
5. Define the term joint •place where two or more bones meet
•provides movement
, IB SEHS Exam paper 1 and 2
6. what are the types of •immovable (fixed)
joints -skull
•slightly movable (cartilaginous)
-limbro-sacral vertebrae
•movable (synovial)
-knee
7. Outline the features of a •articular cartilage covers the ends of bones
synovial joint
•joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule
•the joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid
•ligaments reinforce the joint
•90% of joints are synovial
•freely movable
•contain synovial fluid which is in the synovial membrane. Lubricates
joints and absorbs shock
•all moving parts are held together by ligaments
•highly mobile
, IB SEHS Exam paper 1 and 2
BURSAE
•flattened fibrous sacs
-lined with synovial membranes
-filled with synovial fluids
-not actually part of the joint
TENDON SHEATH
•elongated bursa that wraps around the tendon
8. List the different types of BALL AND SOCKET
synovial joints and Distin- •rounded end of the bone fits inside the cup-shaped ending
guish between the differ- •allow movement in all directions and rotation
ent types of joint in re- •most mobile joints in body
lation to movement per- ex/ shoulders and hips
mitted.
PIVOT
•have a ring of bone that fits over a bone protrusion, around which it
can rotate
•only allows rotation
ex/ joint between atlas and axis in neck
CONDYLOID
•have an oval shaped bone end which fits into a correspondingly
shaped bone end
•forward, backward, left, and right
•no rotation
ex/ between metacarpals and phalanges in hand
1. Distinguish anatomically AXIAL
between the axial and ap- •skull, spine, ribs, and sternum
pendicular skeleton •provides central support, attachment points, and protects nervous
system
APPENDICULAR
•includes appendages of the body
-shoulders, arms, hips, and legs
•provides movement and appendages
2. state the 4 types of bone 1. Long (humerus)
2.Short (carpals)
3. Flat (parietal of skull)
4. Irregular (vertebrae)
3. Apply anatomical termi- •inferior
nology to the location of -below or further away from the head
bones
•superior
-above or nearer to the head
•proximal
-nearer to where a limb attaches to the body
•distal
-further away from where a limb attaches to the body
, IB SEHS Exam paper 1 and 2
•posterior
-behind or nearer to the back
•anterior
-in front or nearer to the front
•external
-on or near the surface of the body
•lateral
-further away from the midline of the body
•medial
-closer to the midline of the body
4. ID and Outline the func- •Tendons
tions of connective tissue -connect muscles to bones
•ligaments
-tough, elastic fibers that link bones to bones
•cartilage
-prevents ends of bones from rubbing together
-lubricates joint
5. Define the term joint •place where two or more bones meet
•provides movement
, IB SEHS Exam paper 1 and 2
6. what are the types of •immovable (fixed)
joints -skull
•slightly movable (cartilaginous)
-limbro-sacral vertebrae
•movable (synovial)
-knee
7. Outline the features of a •articular cartilage covers the ends of bones
synovial joint
•joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule
•the joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid
•ligaments reinforce the joint
•90% of joints are synovial
•freely movable
•contain synovial fluid which is in the synovial membrane. Lubricates
joints and absorbs shock
•all moving parts are held together by ligaments
•highly mobile
, IB SEHS Exam paper 1 and 2
BURSAE
•flattened fibrous sacs
-lined with synovial membranes
-filled with synovial fluids
-not actually part of the joint
TENDON SHEATH
•elongated bursa that wraps around the tendon
8. List the different types of BALL AND SOCKET
synovial joints and Distin- •rounded end of the bone fits inside the cup-shaped ending
guish between the differ- •allow movement in all directions and rotation
ent types of joint in re- •most mobile joints in body
lation to movement per- ex/ shoulders and hips
mitted.
PIVOT
•have a ring of bone that fits over a bone protrusion, around which it
can rotate
•only allows rotation
ex/ joint between atlas and axis in neck
CONDYLOID
•have an oval shaped bone end which fits into a correspondingly
shaped bone end
•forward, backward, left, and right
•no rotation
ex/ between metacarpals and phalanges in hand
