,The questions are in bold followed by answers.
wq wq wq wq wq w q wq
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
wqrationale for your answer. wq wq wq
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level.
wq wq These drug wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq w q wq
categories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
of drugs the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
are usually on more
wq wq than one category of these
wq drugs to manage
wq their w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q
w health problems.
q The current therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because
w q w q w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be considered more or less beneficial
wq wq wq wq w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
than another drug category (see Figure 1 -1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable
wq wq in this study?
wq Provide a wq wq wq wq wq w q wq wq w q w q
rationale for your answer.
wq w q wq wq
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
patients were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common
wq wq prescribed
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq w q
w drug for this sample.
q w q w q wq
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
sample? Discuss
wq whether these analysis techniques
wq were appropriate or w q w q w q wq w q w q w q
inappropriate.
wq
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI
w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q
measurement resulted in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone
w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
& Frazier, 2017). Ratio - level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the
w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017; Knapp, 2017).
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
wqstudy: What category identifies your current income as an RN?
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
a. Less than $50,000 wq wq
b. $50,000 to 59,999 wq wq
c. $60,000 to 69,999 wq wq
d. $70,000 to 80,000 wq wq
e. $80,000 or greater wq wq
What level of measurement is this income variable?
wq Does the income
wq variable
wq wq wq wq wq w q wq wq w q
follow the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq w q wq wq wq wq
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
catego- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than
wq wq w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q
$80,000. The two open- ended
w q w q w q w q wq
AG 1-1 wq
,AG 1-2
wq Answer w q Guidelines w q for w q Questions w q to w q Be w q Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
catego- ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary,
wq wq so study participants making
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq w q w q w q wq
$80,000
wq might mark either (d) or (e)
w or q both categories, resulting in w q wq w q w q w q w q w q wq w q wq
erroneous data.
w q Category (e) could be changed to greater than $80,000, making the
w q w q w q wq w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest salary to the
w q wq w q wq wq w q w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al.,
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
2017).
wq
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your
w q wq w q w q w q w q wq w q w q w q w q wq
answer. Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level
w q wq of measurement. The wq wq wq wq wq wq w q wq w q w q w q
w CDS is a 26-item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients.
q wq wq wq wq wq wq w q wq wq wq wq w q
Study participants rated their symp- toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher
w q wq w q wq w q wq w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q
numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms.
w q w q The total w q w q w q w q w q wq w q w q
w scores for each subject
q w obtained from this multi-item
q w q w q w q w q w q
w scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz
q w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq w q wq wq wq wq wq
et al., 2017).
wq wq wq
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques
wq used to analyze the CDS wq wq wq wq w q wq wq wq w q
scores for the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
wq wq wq wq w q wq wq wq wq w q wq w q wq wq
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted
wq to describe CDS wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq w q wq wq
scoresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
& Mallory, 2017).
wq wq w q
7. Is the prevalence of
w q depression
w q linked to the NYHA class? Discuss w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q
the clinical importance of this result.
w q w q wq wq wq wq
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence
wq of depression
wq increased wq wq wq wq wq w q w q w q
w with
q the greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed,
w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
whereas 11% of the subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
increased, the number of sub- jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms,
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
which usually result in emotional distress, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq w q wq wq wq wq
cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher NYHA classes, so they might be
wq wq wq wq w q wq r wq w q wq wq wq wq w q
diagnosed and treated as needed.
wq wq wq wq wq
8. What frequency and w percentq of cardiac patients in this study were not w q w q w q wq wq w q wq wq w q w q
w being q treated with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your
w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
answer to the nearest whole percent (%).
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated
wq in
wq this study. The sample wq wq wq wq wq w q w q w q w q w q
w included 15 patients
q who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1).
wq wq The w q w q wq wq wq wq wq wq w q
w number of cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The
q w q w q w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
group
wq percent is calculatedby
w the following formula:
q (group frequency ÷ w q w q w q wq wq w q w q w q
w total qsample size) × 100%.
w For
q this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample w q w q w q w q w q w q wq wq wq wq
size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
w whole
q percent as directed in the
w question.
q You could havealso w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q
subtracted the 14%
wq of patients treated with antidepressants
wq from 100% and
wq w q w q wq w q wq w q wq wq
w obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
q wq w q wq w q w q wq w q wq wq
9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
in clinical practice?
wq wq wq
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
submaximal, steady-state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick,
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
easy way to determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting.
wq wq wq wq This wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq w q
w functional
q statusscore could be used to determine the treatment
w q plan to wq wq wq wq wq w q w q w q w q
w promote or maintain functional statusof cardiac patients.
q w q w q w q w q wq wq
, Answer w q Guidelines w q for w q Questions to w q w q Be w q Graded AG 1-3
wq
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq w q wq
w measurement for the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale
q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
for your answer. Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure
wq wq wq wq w q wq w q wq w q w q w q w q
(HF) in this study was measured with the Exercise Confidence Scale that
w q w q wq w q w q wq wq wq w q w q w q w q
included four subscales focused on walking, climbing, lifting objects of graded
w q w q w q w q w q wq w q wq w q w q w q
weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scale with
w q w q w q w q w q w q w q wq w q w q w q w q wq
values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise
w q wq w q wq wq wq w q w q w q wq wq w q wq
Confidence scale and the subscales were considered interval-level data and
w q w q wq w q w q w q w q w q w q w q
analyzed with parametric statistics, such as means and SDs (see the study narrative;
wq w q w q w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
wqWaltz et al., 2017).
wq wq wq
wq wq wq wq wq w q wq
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
wqrationale for your answer. wq wq wq
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level.
wq wq These drug wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq w q wq
categories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
of drugs the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
are usually on more
wq wq than one category of these
wq drugs to manage
wq their w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q
w health problems.
q The current therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because
w q w q w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be considered more or less beneficial
wq wq wq wq w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
than another drug category (see Figure 1 -1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable
wq wq in this study?
wq Provide a wq wq wq wq wq w q wq wq w q w q
rationale for your answer.
wq w q wq wq
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
patients were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common
wq wq prescribed
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq w q
w drug for this sample.
q w q w q wq
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
sample? Discuss
wq whether these analysis techniques
wq were appropriate or w q w q w q wq w q w q w q
inappropriate.
wq
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI
w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q
measurement resulted in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone
w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
& Frazier, 2017). Ratio - level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the
w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017; Knapp, 2017).
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
wqstudy: What category identifies your current income as an RN?
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
a. Less than $50,000 wq wq
b. $50,000 to 59,999 wq wq
c. $60,000 to 69,999 wq wq
d. $70,000 to 80,000 wq wq
e. $80,000 or greater wq wq
What level of measurement is this income variable?
wq Does the income
wq variable
wq wq wq wq wq w q wq wq w q
follow the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq w q wq wq wq wq
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
catego- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than
wq wq w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q
$80,000. The two open- ended
w q w q w q w q wq
AG 1-1 wq
,AG 1-2
wq Answer w q Guidelines w q for w q Questions w q to w q Be w q Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
catego- ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary,
wq wq so study participants making
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq w q w q w q wq
$80,000
wq might mark either (d) or (e)
w or q both categories, resulting in w q wq w q w q w q w q w q wq w q wq
erroneous data.
w q Category (e) could be changed to greater than $80,000, making the
w q w q w q wq w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest salary to the
w q wq w q wq wq w q w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al.,
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
2017).
wq
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your
w q wq w q w q w q w q wq w q w q w q w q wq
answer. Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level
w q wq of measurement. The wq wq wq wq wq wq w q wq w q w q w q
w CDS is a 26-item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients.
q wq wq wq wq wq wq w q wq wq wq wq w q
Study participants rated their symp- toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher
w q wq w q wq w q wq w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q
numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms.
w q w q The total w q w q w q w q w q wq w q w q
w scores for each subject
q w obtained from this multi-item
q w q w q w q w q w q
w scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz
q w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq w q wq wq wq wq wq
et al., 2017).
wq wq wq
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques
wq used to analyze the CDS wq wq wq wq w q wq wq wq w q
scores for the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
wq wq wq wq w q wq wq wq wq w q wq w q wq wq
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted
wq to describe CDS wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq w q wq wq
scoresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
& Mallory, 2017).
wq wq w q
7. Is the prevalence of
w q depression
w q linked to the NYHA class? Discuss w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q
the clinical importance of this result.
w q w q wq wq wq wq
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence
wq of depression
wq increased wq wq wq wq wq w q w q w q
w with
q the greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed,
w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
whereas 11% of the subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
increased, the number of sub- jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms,
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
which usually result in emotional distress, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq w q wq wq wq wq
cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher NYHA classes, so they might be
wq wq wq wq w q wq r wq w q wq wq wq wq w q
diagnosed and treated as needed.
wq wq wq wq wq
8. What frequency and w percentq of cardiac patients in this study were not w q w q w q wq wq w q wq wq w q w q
w being q treated with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your
w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
answer to the nearest whole percent (%).
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated
wq in
wq this study. The sample wq wq wq wq wq w q w q w q w q w q
w included 15 patients
q who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1).
wq wq The w q w q wq wq wq wq wq wq w q
w number of cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The
q w q w q w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
group
wq percent is calculatedby
w the following formula:
q (group frequency ÷ w q w q w q wq wq w q w q w q
w total qsample size) × 100%.
w For
q this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample w q w q w q w q w q w q wq wq wq wq
size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
w whole
q percent as directed in the
w question.
q You could havealso w q w q w q w q w q w q w q w q
subtracted the 14%
wq of patients treated with antidepressants
wq from 100% and
wq w q w q wq w q wq w q wq wq
w obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
q wq w q wq w q w q wq w q wq wq
9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
in clinical practice?
wq wq wq
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
submaximal, steady-state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick,
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
easy way to determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting.
wq wq wq wq This wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq w q
w functional
q statusscore could be used to determine the treatment
w q plan to wq wq wq wq wq w q w q w q w q
w promote or maintain functional statusof cardiac patients.
q w q w q w q w q wq wq
, Answer w q Guidelines w q for w q Questions to w q w q Be w q Graded AG 1-3
wq
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of
wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq w q wq
w measurement for the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale
q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
for your answer. Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure
wq wq wq wq w q wq w q wq w q w q w q w q
(HF) in this study was measured with the Exercise Confidence Scale that
w q w q wq w q w q wq wq wq w q w q w q w q
included four subscales focused on walking, climbing, lifting objects of graded
w q w q w q w q w q wq w q wq w q w q w q
weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scale with
w q w q w q w q w q w q w q wq w q w q w q w q wq
values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise
w q wq w q wq wq wq w q w q w q wq wq w q wq
Confidence scale and the subscales were considered interval-level data and
w q w q wq w q w q w q w q w q w q w q
analyzed with parametric statistics, such as means and SDs (see the study narrative;
wq w q w q w q wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq wq
wqWaltz et al., 2017).
wq wq wq
