ASU BIO 340 Exam 1188 Qs with Definitive Solution
selective breeding (artificial selection) - ANS-the process of developing organisms with
specific characteristics as chosen by the breeders
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) - ANS-Amateur botanist who published an explanation of
hereditary transmission in plants in 1866. Known for his pea-plant experiments and
commonly referred to as the "father of genetics"
modern genetics - ANS-the study of heredity and the variation of inherited
characteristics
bacterial transforming principle - ANS-an experiment proposed by Frederick Griffith in
1928 which suggested that a "transforming principle" from a heat-killed virulent
Pneumococcus strain can transform a non-virulent strain into a pathogenic one.
Avery, McCarty, MacLeod (1944) - ANS-biological researchers who identified DNA as
the likely transforming principle in Griffith's experiment.
Hershey and Chase (1952) - ANS-concluded that the genetic material of the
bacteriophage was DNA, not protein.
Edwin Chargaff - ANS-Austrian biochemist who discovered that identical quantities of A
and T, C and G were present in DNA (developed the complementary base-pairing rule
for DNA).
Frederick Griffith (1928) - ANS-British bacteriologist; the first person to show that
hereditary information could be transferred from one cell to another horizontally rather
than vertically
genome - ANS-the complete set of genetic information carried by a species
vertical transmission - ANS-gene transmission between organisms without parental
reproduction
horizontal transmission - ANS-gene transmission from parents to their offspring through
reproduction (aka person-to-person)
DNA replication - ANS-the process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.
transcription - ANS-synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
mRNA (messenger RNA) - ANS-a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the
information to make a protein
, hereditary material - ANS-the information which is passed from one cellular generation
to the next (encoded in DNA in humans).
Pauling and Corey (1951) - ANS-biological researchers who provided the basis for
research on DNA structure (proposed an alpha helix model as a structure for nucleic
acid)
Watson and Crick (1953) - ANS-the two scientists who discovered the structure and
shape of DNA
nucleotide - ANS-a building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently
bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
genes - ANS-DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary
transmission.
chromosomes - ANS-a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the
nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
nucleoid - ANS-a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
diploid - ANS-containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (2n)
haploid - ANS-an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes (n)
gametes - ANS-human sex cells containing one set of 23 chromosomes
homologous chromosomes - ANS-matched pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism
Chargaff's Rule - ANS-A=T and C=G
locus - ANS-position of a gene on a chromosome
Meselson and Stahl (1958) - ANS-Bacterial cells were grown in a heavy isotope of
nitrogen, 15N
All the DNA incorporated 15N
Cells were switched to media containing lighter 14N
DNA was extracted from the cells at various time intervals
central dogma - ANS-theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to
RNA to proteins
translation - ANS-decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
initiation of translation - ANS-mRNA is attached to a subunit of the ribosome, the first
codon is always AUG
selective breeding (artificial selection) - ANS-the process of developing organisms with
specific characteristics as chosen by the breeders
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) - ANS-Amateur botanist who published an explanation of
hereditary transmission in plants in 1866. Known for his pea-plant experiments and
commonly referred to as the "father of genetics"
modern genetics - ANS-the study of heredity and the variation of inherited
characteristics
bacterial transforming principle - ANS-an experiment proposed by Frederick Griffith in
1928 which suggested that a "transforming principle" from a heat-killed virulent
Pneumococcus strain can transform a non-virulent strain into a pathogenic one.
Avery, McCarty, MacLeod (1944) - ANS-biological researchers who identified DNA as
the likely transforming principle in Griffith's experiment.
Hershey and Chase (1952) - ANS-concluded that the genetic material of the
bacteriophage was DNA, not protein.
Edwin Chargaff - ANS-Austrian biochemist who discovered that identical quantities of A
and T, C and G were present in DNA (developed the complementary base-pairing rule
for DNA).
Frederick Griffith (1928) - ANS-British bacteriologist; the first person to show that
hereditary information could be transferred from one cell to another horizontally rather
than vertically
genome - ANS-the complete set of genetic information carried by a species
vertical transmission - ANS-gene transmission between organisms without parental
reproduction
horizontal transmission - ANS-gene transmission from parents to their offspring through
reproduction (aka person-to-person)
DNA replication - ANS-the process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.
transcription - ANS-synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
mRNA (messenger RNA) - ANS-a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the
information to make a protein
, hereditary material - ANS-the information which is passed from one cellular generation
to the next (encoded in DNA in humans).
Pauling and Corey (1951) - ANS-biological researchers who provided the basis for
research on DNA structure (proposed an alpha helix model as a structure for nucleic
acid)
Watson and Crick (1953) - ANS-the two scientists who discovered the structure and
shape of DNA
nucleotide - ANS-a building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently
bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
genes - ANS-DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary
transmission.
chromosomes - ANS-a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the
nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
nucleoid - ANS-a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
diploid - ANS-containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (2n)
haploid - ANS-an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes (n)
gametes - ANS-human sex cells containing one set of 23 chromosomes
homologous chromosomes - ANS-matched pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism
Chargaff's Rule - ANS-A=T and C=G
locus - ANS-position of a gene on a chromosome
Meselson and Stahl (1958) - ANS-Bacterial cells were grown in a heavy isotope of
nitrogen, 15N
All the DNA incorporated 15N
Cells were switched to media containing lighter 14N
DNA was extracted from the cells at various time intervals
central dogma - ANS-theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to
RNA to proteins
translation - ANS-decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
initiation of translation - ANS-mRNA is attached to a subunit of the ribosome, the first
codon is always AUG
