CHAPTER 18&19: MICROBIOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS A
CLINICAL APPROACH, 4TH EDITION COMPLETE NEWEST
VERIFIED VERSION
1.What is the casuative agent for plague? - answer Yersinia Pestis
2.How is the plague transmitted? - answer Fleas
-Nonfatal, but often evolves into a slowly progressive syndrome that mimics
neuromuscular and rheumatoid arthritis.
-Erythema migrans:
•An early symptom in 70% of cases
•A rash at the site of a tick bite looks like a bull's-eye with a raised erythematous
ring that gradually spreads outward with a pale central region.
-Other early symptoms are fever, headache, stiff neck, and dizziness.
-If not treated or treated too late, the disease can advance to the second stage:
•Cardiac and neurological symptoms, such as facial palsy can develop.
-Third stage:
•Crippling arthritis
•Some people acquire chronic neurological complications that are severely
disabling. - answer Lyme Disease
3.What is the causative agent for lyme disease? - answer Borrelia burgdorferi
•Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors:
,-The bacterium is a master of immune evasion. It changes its surface antigens
while it is in the tick and again after it has been transmitted to the mammalian
host.
-Provokes a strong humoral immune response:
•Response is mainly ineffective because of the bacterium's ability to switch its
antigens. It is possible that the immune response contributes to the pathology of
the infection. - answer Lyme disease
4.How is lyme disease treated? - answer 3-4 weeks of treatment with doxycycline
and amoxicillin
-Often called "mono" or "the kissing disease"
-Can be caused by a number of bacteria or viruses
-Vast majority are caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the
herpesvirus family - answer Infectious Mononucleosis
•Signs and Symptoms:
-After a 30 - 50 day incubation period:
•Sore throat
•High fever
•Cervical lymphadenopathy
•Gray-white exudate in the throat
•Skin rash
•Enlarged spleen and liver
-A notable sign is sudden leukocytosis, consisting initially of infected B cells and
later T cells.
-Fatigue is a hallmark of the disease. Strong, cell-mediated response is decisive in
controlling the disease. - answer Mono
, 5.How is mono transmitted? - answer Direct oral contact and contamination with
saliva
6.What are the 6 areas of Upper Respiratory Tract? - answer Mouth, Nose, Nasal
Cavity, Sinuses, Throat or pharyn, and epiglottis
7What are the 4 areas of the lower respiratory tract? - answer Trachea, Bronchi,
Bronchioles, and Alveoil
8.What are the 5 second and third line defenses? - answer -Complement
-Antimicrobial peptides
-Chemocytokines
-Macrophages
-Secretory IgA
•Signs and Symptoms:
-Pain
-Inflammation of the throat
-Reddened and/or swollen mucosa
-Swollen tonsils
-Foul-smelling breath
-White packets visible on the walls of the throat (streptococcal disease)
•Sore throats caused by bacteria are more painful than those caused by viruses,
and more likely to be accompanied by fever, headache, and nausea. - answer
Pharyngitis
CLINICAL APPROACH, 4TH EDITION COMPLETE NEWEST
VERIFIED VERSION
1.What is the casuative agent for plague? - answer Yersinia Pestis
2.How is the plague transmitted? - answer Fleas
-Nonfatal, but often evolves into a slowly progressive syndrome that mimics
neuromuscular and rheumatoid arthritis.
-Erythema migrans:
•An early symptom in 70% of cases
•A rash at the site of a tick bite looks like a bull's-eye with a raised erythematous
ring that gradually spreads outward with a pale central region.
-Other early symptoms are fever, headache, stiff neck, and dizziness.
-If not treated or treated too late, the disease can advance to the second stage:
•Cardiac and neurological symptoms, such as facial palsy can develop.
-Third stage:
•Crippling arthritis
•Some people acquire chronic neurological complications that are severely
disabling. - answer Lyme Disease
3.What is the causative agent for lyme disease? - answer Borrelia burgdorferi
•Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors:
,-The bacterium is a master of immune evasion. It changes its surface antigens
while it is in the tick and again after it has been transmitted to the mammalian
host.
-Provokes a strong humoral immune response:
•Response is mainly ineffective because of the bacterium's ability to switch its
antigens. It is possible that the immune response contributes to the pathology of
the infection. - answer Lyme disease
4.How is lyme disease treated? - answer 3-4 weeks of treatment with doxycycline
and amoxicillin
-Often called "mono" or "the kissing disease"
-Can be caused by a number of bacteria or viruses
-Vast majority are caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the
herpesvirus family - answer Infectious Mononucleosis
•Signs and Symptoms:
-After a 30 - 50 day incubation period:
•Sore throat
•High fever
•Cervical lymphadenopathy
•Gray-white exudate in the throat
•Skin rash
•Enlarged spleen and liver
-A notable sign is sudden leukocytosis, consisting initially of infected B cells and
later T cells.
-Fatigue is a hallmark of the disease. Strong, cell-mediated response is decisive in
controlling the disease. - answer Mono
, 5.How is mono transmitted? - answer Direct oral contact and contamination with
saliva
6.What are the 6 areas of Upper Respiratory Tract? - answer Mouth, Nose, Nasal
Cavity, Sinuses, Throat or pharyn, and epiglottis
7What are the 4 areas of the lower respiratory tract? - answer Trachea, Bronchi,
Bronchioles, and Alveoil
8.What are the 5 second and third line defenses? - answer -Complement
-Antimicrobial peptides
-Chemocytokines
-Macrophages
-Secretory IgA
•Signs and Symptoms:
-Pain
-Inflammation of the throat
-Reddened and/or swollen mucosa
-Swollen tonsils
-Foul-smelling breath
-White packets visible on the walls of the throat (streptococcal disease)
•Sore throats caused by bacteria are more painful than those caused by viruses,
and more likely to be accompanied by fever, headache, and nausea. - answer
Pharyngitis
