1
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR g g
American Government Political Development and Institutional Change By
g g g g g g g
Cal Jillson
g g
g Chapter 1-21 g
Chapter 1 g
THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PRINCIPLES
g g g g g
FOCUSgQUESTIONS
Q1 Whatgaregthegbroadgpurposesgofggovernment?
A1
Thegancientsgbelievedgthegrolegofggovernmentgandgpoliticsgwasgtogfosterghum
angexcellence.gHowever,gitgisgimperativegtogremembergthatgthegGreeksgandgRoma
nsgbelievedgthegvirtuousgshouldgrulegaccordinggtognaturalglaw.gFurthermore,gvalu
esgofgequalitygandgordergwouldgbegservedgthroughgagsocietygbasedgupongthegruleg
ofglawgtogprovidegforgthegcommonggood.gIngthegMiddlegAges,ggovernmentgwasglar
gelygusedgtogfacilitategreligiongandgmaintainedgthegneedgforgthegindividualgtogliveg
agproperglifegingthegservicegofgGod.gThegrolegofggovernmentgchangedgingthegearlygs
ixteenthgcenturygbygdownplayinggthegrolegofgreligiongwhilegalternativelygpromoti
nggthegrolegofglimitedggovernmentgtogprotectgprivategpropertygandgindividualgrig
hts.
Q2 Howgshouldggovernmentgbegdesignedgtogachievegitsgpurposes?
A2 AccordinggtogPlatogthegphilosopher-
king’sgwisdomgandgintellectgwouldgpromotegorder,gstabilitygandgjustice.gYet,gArist
otlegtakesgagmoregrealisticgviewgofgAtheniangsocietygbygadvocatinggthegbestgformg
ofggovernmentgasgagpolity,gwhichgcombinedgoligarchicgandgdemocraticgelementsg
togproducegpoliticalgstability.gThegRomansgcombinedgmonarchical,garistocratic,ga
ndgdemocraticgprinciplesgasgagmixedggovernmentgwithingrepresentativegbodiesgli
kegthegSenategandgthegAssemblygingordergtogchampiongthegcausesgofgbothgthegrich
gandgthegpoor.gGovernmentgingthegMiddlegAgesgwasgdeterminedgthroughgdivinegri
ght,gwherebygagmonarchgorgPopegwasgordainedgbygGodgtogrule.gHence,gwisdomga
ndgvirtuegrestedgwithingthesegfewgindividualsgwhoggovernedgtogpromotegreligious
glifegandgprotectgthegreligiousgestablishment.gThegRenaissance,gProtestantgRefor
mation,gandgEnlightenmentgPeriodsgshiftedgthegrolegofggovernmentgfromgupholdi
nggreligiousgdoctrinegtogseculargconcerns,gsuchgasgprotectingginalienablegrights,gin
cludinggprivategproperty,gandgpromotinggcommerce.gIngturn,gEnlightenmentgpolit
ical
©g2023gTaylorg&gFrancis
, 2
philosophersglargelygappealedgtogindividualismgandgnotgreligiousghierarchygasgagm
eansgtogprovidegordergandgstabilitygingwhichgindividualsgcouldgflourish.
Q3
WhatglessonsgaboutggovernmentgdidgcolonialgAmericansgdrawgfromgtheghistor
ygofgancientgGreecegandgRome?
A3
Platogwasgsuspiciousgofgdemocracy’sgrulegofgthegmanygbecauseggoodggovernm
entgwouldgdecaygintogmobgrule.gHence,gthegpassionsgofgthegmassesgneededgtogbegq
uelledgbygmoregaristocraticgelements.gWithgthisgproblemgingmind,gthegFramersgofgth
egU.S.gConstitutiongreferencedgtheginstitutionalgdesigngofgthegRomangrepublicgadh
eredgtogthegtraditiongofgmixedggovernmentginitiallygexpoundedgbygAristotlegandgth
egRomans.gThisgwasgmaintainedgingthegindirectgselectiongofgbothgthegSenategandgth
egpresidencygwithingthegConstitution.gAristotlegalsogadvocatedgmixinggaristocraticg
andgdemocraticgelementsgingaggoverninggstructuregcalledgagpolity.gIngeffect,gthisggo
vernmentalgdesigngallowedgthegfewgandgthegmanygtogparticipategingthegpoliticsgpro
vidinggangorderlygsocietygwheregthegpoorgshouldgbegablegtogselectggovernmentgoffi
cialsgwhogweregheldgaccountable.gThisgwasgalsogmadegmanifestgingthegConstitutiong
withgitsgaristocratic-
likegSenategandgthegmoregdemocraticgHousegofgRepresentatives.gThusgthegAmerica
ngrepublic’sgConstitutiongestablishedginstitutionalgpowersgtoggoverngaccordinggtogt
hegrulegofglaw.gWhilegthegFramersgrejectedgthegreligiousghierarchygofgthegMiddlegA
ges,gtheygappealedgtoginalienablegrightsgendowedgupongeverygindividualgbygGod,gp
ergthegwritingsgofgJohngLocke,gingwhichgagjustggovernmentgandgsocietygcouldgnotgbe
gimpeded.
Q4 WhatgcircumstancesgledgEuropeansgtogleavegtheirghomelandsgtogsettlegingAmerica?
A4
Individualsgimmigratedgtogthegcoloniesgtogescapegreligiousgpersecutiongandgciv
ilgunrestgaftergthegEnglishgCivilgWargandgtogpursuegsocialgandgeconomicgopportunit
ies.gColonistsgenjoyedgagvastgarraygofgnaturalgresourcesgandgaglargeggeographicalga
reagwheregfreedomgofgreligiongandgeconomicgopportunitygflourished.gAlso,gtheirgh
eterogeneousgsocialgcompositiongasgwellgasgcontinualgpromotiongofgideals,gsuchga
sgequalitygandgtolerance,gtendedgtogpromotegpoliticalgfreedomgatgthegsamegtimegt
hatgsocialgexpansiongofgthegpopulationgwasgoccurring.
Q5 Whatgdidgdemocracygmeangtogourgcolonialgancestors,gandgdidgtheygapprovegit?
A5
Thegcolonistsgweregskepticalgofgdemocracygandgviewedgthisgtypegofggoverning
gauthoritygasgmobgrule.gSocietygwasglargelygseengasgsegmentedgintogthosegwhogsh
ouldgrulegandgthosegwhogshouldgnot.gIngfact,gthegFoundersgbelievedgthatgthegeliteg
(well-
©g2023gTaylorg&gFrancis
, 3
educated,glandgowners)gshouldgoccupygpositionsgofgleadership.gThus,gangaristocr
aticgelementgwithinggovernmentgwasgnecessarygtogprotectgagainstgthegthreatgofg
mobgruleghistoricallygassociatedgwithgdemocracy.gFundamentally,gthegideagofgrep
ublicanismgwasgpromotedgasgangidealgatgaghigherglevelgthangdemocracy.gThisgwasg
madegmostgmanifestgingthegtendencygtogprefergmixed
©g2023gTaylorg&gFrancis
, 4
constitutionalgschemesgovergsingle-
bodygregimes,gsuchgasgmonarchies,garistocracies,gandgdemocracies.gItgwasgingthisg
respectgthatgourgcolonialgancestorsgweregbothginnovativegandgcriticalgofgextantggo
vernmentalgformsgyetgsimultaneouslygweddedgtogthegpast,gespeciallygthegGreco-
RomangAncients.
CHAPTERgOUTLINE
I. AgTraditiongtogDrawgFrom
HistorygandgexperiencegprovidedglessonsgupongwhichgthegFoundersgreferencedgingdesigni
nggAmericangpoliticalginstitutions.
A. ThegAncients:gWhogRulesgandgforgWhatgPurpose?
ThegphilosophygofgPlatogandgAristotlegwasgconcernedgwithgstructuringgagsocie
ty,gknowngasgagcity-
state,gandgbasedguponghumangnature:gSpeechgandgreasongasgthegfundamenta
lgcharacteristicsgofghumans.gThus,gthegpoliticalgcommunitygorgpolisgisgdesigne
dgaccordinggtogthegvirtuesgandgabilitiesgofgitsginhabitants.
1. ThegGreeks:gMonarchy,gAristocracy,gDemocracy
a. AccordinggtogAristotle,gthegpurposegofgpoliticsgisgtogcreategangorderg
thatgfostersghumangexcellence.gPlato’sgleadergwasgthegphilosopherg
king.gSincegPlatogdoubtedgthegrealitygofgthisgking,ghegconcludedgthat
ggoodggovernmentgwouldgbeguncommongandgshortglived.g Platogand
gparticularlygAristotlegidentifiedgthreegformsgofggovernment:
1) Monarchy—rulegbygonegleader
2) Aristocracy—rulegbygagfewggoodgmen
3) Democracy—rulegbygthegmany
b. Aristotlegalsogtheorizedgthatggovernmentsgwouldgdecay.gThus,gmon
archygdecaysgintogtyrannygthroughgdespoticgactionsgofgagsinglegruler
.gSecond,garistocracygdecaysgintogoligarchygwherebygthegfewgrulegto
gadvancegtheirgself-
interestsgcontrarygtogthegcommonggood.gFinally,gdemocracygdecays
gintogmobgrulegasgthegmassesgrulegaccordinggtogtheirgpassions.
c. Aristotle’sgadditionalgcontribution:gPoliticalgordergbasedgongreality
1) Aristotle’sgcontributiongwasgpragmaticgbygaddressinggtheg
needsgofgthegwealthygandgthegmassesgwithingagsocietygtogf
ormgagmixedggovernment.
2) Hegbelievedgthatgoligarchygandgdemocracygaregthegmostgc
ommongregimes.gTherefore,gthegbestgelementsgofgeachgmi
ghtgbegcombinedgandgmadegintogaggood,gworkable,gandgsta
bleggovernment.gHegcalledgthisgformg“polity.”
2. ThegRomans:gRepublicanismgandgMixedgGovernment
a. ThegRomans,gnotablygPolybiusgandgCicero,gbelievedgthatggovern
ment’sginstitutionalgstructuregshouldgarbitrategpowergbetweengri
chgandgpoor.gAccordingly,gthisgordergwasgagrepublicgor
©g2023gTaylorg&gFrancis
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR g g
American Government Political Development and Institutional Change By
g g g g g g g
Cal Jillson
g g
g Chapter 1-21 g
Chapter 1 g
THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PRINCIPLES
g g g g g
FOCUSgQUESTIONS
Q1 Whatgaregthegbroadgpurposesgofggovernment?
A1
Thegancientsgbelievedgthegrolegofggovernmentgandgpoliticsgwasgtogfosterghum
angexcellence.gHowever,gitgisgimperativegtogremembergthatgthegGreeksgandgRoma
nsgbelievedgthegvirtuousgshouldgrulegaccordinggtognaturalglaw.gFurthermore,gvalu
esgofgequalitygandgordergwouldgbegservedgthroughgagsocietygbasedgupongthegruleg
ofglawgtogprovidegforgthegcommonggood.gIngthegMiddlegAges,ggovernmentgwasglar
gelygusedgtogfacilitategreligiongandgmaintainedgthegneedgforgthegindividualgtogliveg
agproperglifegingthegservicegofgGod.gThegrolegofggovernmentgchangedgingthegearlygs
ixteenthgcenturygbygdownplayinggthegrolegofgreligiongwhilegalternativelygpromoti
nggthegrolegofglimitedggovernmentgtogprotectgprivategpropertygandgindividualgrig
hts.
Q2 Howgshouldggovernmentgbegdesignedgtogachievegitsgpurposes?
A2 AccordinggtogPlatogthegphilosopher-
king’sgwisdomgandgintellectgwouldgpromotegorder,gstabilitygandgjustice.gYet,gArist
otlegtakesgagmoregrealisticgviewgofgAtheniangsocietygbygadvocatinggthegbestgformg
ofggovernmentgasgagpolity,gwhichgcombinedgoligarchicgandgdemocraticgelementsg
togproducegpoliticalgstability.gThegRomansgcombinedgmonarchical,garistocratic,ga
ndgdemocraticgprinciplesgasgagmixedggovernmentgwithingrepresentativegbodiesgli
kegthegSenategandgthegAssemblygingordergtogchampiongthegcausesgofgbothgthegrich
gandgthegpoor.gGovernmentgingthegMiddlegAgesgwasgdeterminedgthroughgdivinegri
ght,gwherebygagmonarchgorgPopegwasgordainedgbygGodgtogrule.gHence,gwisdomga
ndgvirtuegrestedgwithingthesegfewgindividualsgwhoggovernedgtogpromotegreligious
glifegandgprotectgthegreligiousgestablishment.gThegRenaissance,gProtestantgRefor
mation,gandgEnlightenmentgPeriodsgshiftedgthegrolegofggovernmentgfromgupholdi
nggreligiousgdoctrinegtogseculargconcerns,gsuchgasgprotectingginalienablegrights,gin
cludinggprivategproperty,gandgpromotinggcommerce.gIngturn,gEnlightenmentgpolit
ical
©g2023gTaylorg&gFrancis
, 2
philosophersglargelygappealedgtogindividualismgandgnotgreligiousghierarchygasgagm
eansgtogprovidegordergandgstabilitygingwhichgindividualsgcouldgflourish.
Q3
WhatglessonsgaboutggovernmentgdidgcolonialgAmericansgdrawgfromgtheghistor
ygofgancientgGreecegandgRome?
A3
Platogwasgsuspiciousgofgdemocracy’sgrulegofgthegmanygbecauseggoodggovernm
entgwouldgdecaygintogmobgrule.gHence,gthegpassionsgofgthegmassesgneededgtogbegq
uelledgbygmoregaristocraticgelements.gWithgthisgproblemgingmind,gthegFramersgofgth
egU.S.gConstitutiongreferencedgtheginstitutionalgdesigngofgthegRomangrepublicgadh
eredgtogthegtraditiongofgmixedggovernmentginitiallygexpoundedgbygAristotlegandgth
egRomans.gThisgwasgmaintainedgingthegindirectgselectiongofgbothgthegSenategandgth
egpresidencygwithingthegConstitution.gAristotlegalsogadvocatedgmixinggaristocraticg
andgdemocraticgelementsgingaggoverninggstructuregcalledgagpolity.gIngeffect,gthisggo
vernmentalgdesigngallowedgthegfewgandgthegmanygtogparticipategingthegpoliticsgpro
vidinggangorderlygsocietygwheregthegpoorgshouldgbegablegtogselectggovernmentgoffi
cialsgwhogweregheldgaccountable.gThisgwasgalsogmadegmanifestgingthegConstitutiong
withgitsgaristocratic-
likegSenategandgthegmoregdemocraticgHousegofgRepresentatives.gThusgthegAmerica
ngrepublic’sgConstitutiongestablishedginstitutionalgpowersgtoggoverngaccordinggtogt
hegrulegofglaw.gWhilegthegFramersgrejectedgthegreligiousghierarchygofgthegMiddlegA
ges,gtheygappealedgtoginalienablegrightsgendowedgupongeverygindividualgbygGod,gp
ergthegwritingsgofgJohngLocke,gingwhichgagjustggovernmentgandgsocietygcouldgnotgbe
gimpeded.
Q4 WhatgcircumstancesgledgEuropeansgtogleavegtheirghomelandsgtogsettlegingAmerica?
A4
Individualsgimmigratedgtogthegcoloniesgtogescapegreligiousgpersecutiongandgciv
ilgunrestgaftergthegEnglishgCivilgWargandgtogpursuegsocialgandgeconomicgopportunit
ies.gColonistsgenjoyedgagvastgarraygofgnaturalgresourcesgandgaglargeggeographicalga
reagwheregfreedomgofgreligiongandgeconomicgopportunitygflourished.gAlso,gtheirgh
eterogeneousgsocialgcompositiongasgwellgasgcontinualgpromotiongofgideals,gsuchga
sgequalitygandgtolerance,gtendedgtogpromotegpoliticalgfreedomgatgthegsamegtimegt
hatgsocialgexpansiongofgthegpopulationgwasgoccurring.
Q5 Whatgdidgdemocracygmeangtogourgcolonialgancestors,gandgdidgtheygapprovegit?
A5
Thegcolonistsgweregskepticalgofgdemocracygandgviewedgthisgtypegofggoverning
gauthoritygasgmobgrule.gSocietygwasglargelygseengasgsegmentedgintogthosegwhogsh
ouldgrulegandgthosegwhogshouldgnot.gIngfact,gthegFoundersgbelievedgthatgthegeliteg
(well-
©g2023gTaylorg&gFrancis
, 3
educated,glandgowners)gshouldgoccupygpositionsgofgleadership.gThus,gangaristocr
aticgelementgwithinggovernmentgwasgnecessarygtogprotectgagainstgthegthreatgofg
mobgruleghistoricallygassociatedgwithgdemocracy.gFundamentally,gthegideagofgrep
ublicanismgwasgpromotedgasgangidealgatgaghigherglevelgthangdemocracy.gThisgwasg
madegmostgmanifestgingthegtendencygtogprefergmixed
©g2023gTaylorg&gFrancis
, 4
constitutionalgschemesgovergsingle-
bodygregimes,gsuchgasgmonarchies,garistocracies,gandgdemocracies.gItgwasgingthisg
respectgthatgourgcolonialgancestorsgweregbothginnovativegandgcriticalgofgextantggo
vernmentalgformsgyetgsimultaneouslygweddedgtogthegpast,gespeciallygthegGreco-
RomangAncients.
CHAPTERgOUTLINE
I. AgTraditiongtogDrawgFrom
HistorygandgexperiencegprovidedglessonsgupongwhichgthegFoundersgreferencedgingdesigni
nggAmericangpoliticalginstitutions.
A. ThegAncients:gWhogRulesgandgforgWhatgPurpose?
ThegphilosophygofgPlatogandgAristotlegwasgconcernedgwithgstructuringgagsocie
ty,gknowngasgagcity-
state,gandgbasedguponghumangnature:gSpeechgandgreasongasgthegfundamenta
lgcharacteristicsgofghumans.gThus,gthegpoliticalgcommunitygorgpolisgisgdesigne
dgaccordinggtogthegvirtuesgandgabilitiesgofgitsginhabitants.
1. ThegGreeks:gMonarchy,gAristocracy,gDemocracy
a. AccordinggtogAristotle,gthegpurposegofgpoliticsgisgtogcreategangorderg
thatgfostersghumangexcellence.gPlato’sgleadergwasgthegphilosopherg
king.gSincegPlatogdoubtedgthegrealitygofgthisgking,ghegconcludedgthat
ggoodggovernmentgwouldgbeguncommongandgshortglived.g Platogand
gparticularlygAristotlegidentifiedgthreegformsgofggovernment:
1) Monarchy—rulegbygonegleader
2) Aristocracy—rulegbygagfewggoodgmen
3) Democracy—rulegbygthegmany
b. Aristotlegalsogtheorizedgthatggovernmentsgwouldgdecay.gThus,gmon
archygdecaysgintogtyrannygthroughgdespoticgactionsgofgagsinglegruler
.gSecond,garistocracygdecaysgintogoligarchygwherebygthegfewgrulegto
gadvancegtheirgself-
interestsgcontrarygtogthegcommonggood.gFinally,gdemocracygdecays
gintogmobgrulegasgthegmassesgrulegaccordinggtogtheirgpassions.
c. Aristotle’sgadditionalgcontribution:gPoliticalgordergbasedgongreality
1) Aristotle’sgcontributiongwasgpragmaticgbygaddressinggtheg
needsgofgthegwealthygandgthegmassesgwithingagsocietygtogf
ormgagmixedggovernment.
2) Hegbelievedgthatgoligarchygandgdemocracygaregthegmostgc
ommongregimes.gTherefore,gthegbestgelementsgofgeachgmi
ghtgbegcombinedgandgmadegintogaggood,gworkable,gandgsta
bleggovernment.gHegcalledgthisgformg“polity.”
2. ThegRomans:gRepublicanismgandgMixedgGovernment
a. ThegRomans,gnotablygPolybiusgandgCicero,gbelievedgthatggovern
ment’sginstitutionalgstructuregshouldgarbitrategpowergbetweengri
chgandgpoor.gAccordingly,gthisgordergwasgagrepublicgor
©g2023gTaylorg&gFrancis
