CCJS 342 FINAL EXAM 2025
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
,Totality of beliefs and sentiments common to the average citizens of the same society,
which forms a determinate system which has its own life - ANSWERCollective
Conscience
each aspect of society is necessary and works for the stability of the whole, including
crime - ANSWERfunctionalism
Emphasizes the interdependence between individuals in a society, which allows
individuals to feel that they can enhance the lives of others. It is a core principle of
collective action and is founded on shared values and beliefs among different groups in
society - ANSWERsocial solidarity
Which French sociologist and philosopher said "Punishment is nothing but meaningful
demonstration"? - ANSWEREmile Durkheim
Who wanted sociology to be accepted as a legitimate science? - ANSWERDurkheim
According to Durkheim, laws = ..... - ANSWERreflection of the collective conscience
According to Durkheim, when solidarity is threatened, communities may . . . -
ANSWERdraw their moral boundaries more rigidly, and may enforce them more
strongly
"a mark of shame or discredit" - ANSWERstigma
"The fear of an evil reputation" - ANSWERshame
According to Darwin, shame "rests almost exclusively on the ________" -
ANSWERjudgment of others
"Stamping an offender with a mark or symbol that invites ridicule" - ANSWERliteral
stigmatization
What were the five reasons for the shift away from shame punishments in the 1800s? -
ANSWER1. Perceived failure to deter crime
2. May lead offenders to join criminal subcultures (labeling)
3. Attack on human dignity
4. Unseemly and could spread criminogenic thoughts
5. Led to unruly crowds
According to Whitman, "sanctions whose main purpose is the ritualized humiliation of
the offender" are known as . . .? - ANSWERshame punishments
, Superior courts have ruled that shaming is constitutional as long as . . . - ANSWERthe
goal is primarily deterrence
What two amendments determined the constitutionality of shame punishments? -
ANSWER8th (no cruel or unusual punishment) & 14th (nor shall any State deprive any
person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law) amendments along with
Paul v. Davis (inaccurately labeled as active shoplifter)
Juries being more likely to convict when the death penalty is or isn't on the table? -
ANSWERNOT
Judges tend to be more favorable after they've had . . . - ANSWERmeal breaks & at the
beginning of the day
In 1942, a national poll found that 47% of whites "agreed that blacks were the
intellectual equals of whites." Did this increase or decrease in 1956? -
ANSWERIncreased to 80%
When the opinions of blacks changed and increased favorability after the 1950s, the
shift from racial prejudice being biological and blatant went to being _____ and _____. -
ANSWERsymbolic and subtle
According to Cullen in 2021, the argument in racial prejudice wasn't that white people
did not like black people, but rather that Blacks in the civil rights era came to expect. . . -
ANSWER"It was not, the argument went, that White people did not like Blacks. It was
just that Blacks in the civil rights era came to expect a free ride, feeling entitled to
government handouts funded by hard-working White taxpayers" - Cullen et al., 2021:
223)
Experimental study finds that participants are more or less likely to allocate welfare
funds to whites with "excellent work histories" compared to blacks with same? -
ANSWERmore likely
Whites who score higher on racial resentment are more punitive after controlling for
what three things? - ANSWERreligiosity, political conservatism, and education
Overrepresentation of blacks in prison largely attributed to differences across . . . -
ANSWERclass
What did Michelle Alexander argue in her book "The New Jim Crow"? -
ANSWERInstruments of punishment target poor Black Americans & make it legal to
discriminate against those in prison or those with a criminal conviction
What American writer and civil rights activist said, "We have not ended racial caste in
America; we have merely redesigned it."? - ANSWERMichelle Alexander in "The New
Jim Crow"
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
,Totality of beliefs and sentiments common to the average citizens of the same society,
which forms a determinate system which has its own life - ANSWERCollective
Conscience
each aspect of society is necessary and works for the stability of the whole, including
crime - ANSWERfunctionalism
Emphasizes the interdependence between individuals in a society, which allows
individuals to feel that they can enhance the lives of others. It is a core principle of
collective action and is founded on shared values and beliefs among different groups in
society - ANSWERsocial solidarity
Which French sociologist and philosopher said "Punishment is nothing but meaningful
demonstration"? - ANSWEREmile Durkheim
Who wanted sociology to be accepted as a legitimate science? - ANSWERDurkheim
According to Durkheim, laws = ..... - ANSWERreflection of the collective conscience
According to Durkheim, when solidarity is threatened, communities may . . . -
ANSWERdraw their moral boundaries more rigidly, and may enforce them more
strongly
"a mark of shame or discredit" - ANSWERstigma
"The fear of an evil reputation" - ANSWERshame
According to Darwin, shame "rests almost exclusively on the ________" -
ANSWERjudgment of others
"Stamping an offender with a mark or symbol that invites ridicule" - ANSWERliteral
stigmatization
What were the five reasons for the shift away from shame punishments in the 1800s? -
ANSWER1. Perceived failure to deter crime
2. May lead offenders to join criminal subcultures (labeling)
3. Attack on human dignity
4. Unseemly and could spread criminogenic thoughts
5. Led to unruly crowds
According to Whitman, "sanctions whose main purpose is the ritualized humiliation of
the offender" are known as . . .? - ANSWERshame punishments
, Superior courts have ruled that shaming is constitutional as long as . . . - ANSWERthe
goal is primarily deterrence
What two amendments determined the constitutionality of shame punishments? -
ANSWER8th (no cruel or unusual punishment) & 14th (nor shall any State deprive any
person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law) amendments along with
Paul v. Davis (inaccurately labeled as active shoplifter)
Juries being more likely to convict when the death penalty is or isn't on the table? -
ANSWERNOT
Judges tend to be more favorable after they've had . . . - ANSWERmeal breaks & at the
beginning of the day
In 1942, a national poll found that 47% of whites "agreed that blacks were the
intellectual equals of whites." Did this increase or decrease in 1956? -
ANSWERIncreased to 80%
When the opinions of blacks changed and increased favorability after the 1950s, the
shift from racial prejudice being biological and blatant went to being _____ and _____. -
ANSWERsymbolic and subtle
According to Cullen in 2021, the argument in racial prejudice wasn't that white people
did not like black people, but rather that Blacks in the civil rights era came to expect. . . -
ANSWER"It was not, the argument went, that White people did not like Blacks. It was
just that Blacks in the civil rights era came to expect a free ride, feeling entitled to
government handouts funded by hard-working White taxpayers" - Cullen et al., 2021:
223)
Experimental study finds that participants are more or less likely to allocate welfare
funds to whites with "excellent work histories" compared to blacks with same? -
ANSWERmore likely
Whites who score higher on racial resentment are more punitive after controlling for
what three things? - ANSWERreligiosity, political conservatism, and education
Overrepresentation of blacks in prison largely attributed to differences across . . . -
ANSWERclass
What did Michelle Alexander argue in her book "The New Jim Crow"? -
ANSWERInstruments of punishment target poor Black Americans & make it legal to
discriminate against those in prison or those with a criminal conviction
What American writer and civil rights activist said, "We have not ended racial caste in
America; we have merely redesigned it."? - ANSWERMichelle Alexander in "The New
Jim Crow"
