PNB 2250 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Allen's Rule - CORRECT ANSWER- animals shape minimize heat loss in cold climate
and heat gain in warm climate
example of allen's rule - CORRECT ANSWER- arm length longer in tropical climate
(related to cartilage growth)
bergmann's rule - CORRECT ANSWER- larger species found in colder climates (no
longer accepted)
example of bergmann's rule - CORRECT ANSWER- inuits who live at the pole are
heavier than inuits who live closer to the equator
isometric growth - CORRECT ANSWER- change in size without change in proportion
mathematical relationship to isometric growth - CORRECT ANSWER- doubling in length
= surface area increases 4x volume increases 8x (2-4-8)
allometric scaling - CORRECT ANSWER- 33% increase in length = 66% increase in
surface area = 100% increase in volume (1-2-3)
Animals scale ___ - CORRECT ANSWER- allometrically
kleiber's law - CORRECT ANSWER- metabolism scales inversely with size (as animal
gets bigger, cells consume O2 at a lower rate)
symmorphosis - CORRECT ANSWER- structures are formed so as to meet but not
exceed max requirement
What becomes harder as an animal gets bigger? - CORRECT ANSWER- diffusion
fractals - CORRECT ANSWER- a repeating structural pattern a smaller and smaller
scales (circulation or lung structure)
what is used in large animals when diffusion is difficult? - CORRECT ANSWER- fractal
geometry
independent factors to changes in volume - CORRECT ANSWER- 1) size/number of
RBCs
,2) body temperature
3) muscle tension
4) rate of muscle contraction
5) plasma protein content
dependent factors to changes in volume - CORRECT ANSWER- *directly proportional
(1:1)*
1) heart size
2) lung size
3) blood volume
4) muscle mass
5) skeletal mass
as animal species get bigger: - CORRECT ANSWER- 1) metabolic rate decreases
2) heart rate decreases
3) cell size doesn't change
4) live longer
very small cells cannot ___ - CORRECT ANSWER- form proper spindle
very large cells cannot ___ - CORRECT ANSWER- coordinate cell division
1 g of harvest mouse muscle consumes O2 at ___-fold the rate of 1 g of elephant
muscle - CORRECT ANSWER- 100
skeleton theory - CORRECT ANSWER- animals must increase allometrically because
loads would otherwise increase more than the ability of the skeleton to withstand such
loads
transport theory - CORRECT ANSWER- allometric to minimize the energy cost of
transporting essential materials to where they are needed; dependent on fractal
geometry
stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER- carries information and energy
negative feedback system - CORRECT ANSWER- 1) limits change in physiological
process
2) most common
, positive control system - CORRECT ANSWER- 1) accelerates change in physiological
process
2) uncontrollable
3) found in clotting and reproduction
homeostasis is based on what types of cells - CORRECT ANSWER- neuronal and
endocrine
neurons - CORRECT ANSWER- capable of electrical current flows across membrane
endocrine cells - CORRECT ANSWER- release of chemical messengers into blood
regulated critical factors - CORRECT ANSWER- - temp, pH, amount of O2
- can cause rapid death
regulated less critical factors - CORRECT ANSWER- - blood levels of nutrients, ions
- won't cause rapid death
fundamental components of endocrine signaling - CORRECT ANSWER- - regulated
secretion into extracellular fluid
- movement into blood, circulation through body (slower time frame, longer lasting
effects)
- diffusion toward target cell, recognition event
types of signaling systems - CORRECT ANSWER- 1) endocrine - inner secretion
(sensory - afferent (into) CNS input - efferent (out of) response)
2) exocrine - outer secretion to hollow organs, surface
3) paracrine - secretion to neighbors
4) autocrine - secretion to oneself
negative feedback loop mechanism - CORRECT ANSWER- 1) hormone A
2) target cell
3) physiological change
4) decreased secretion of hormone A
positive feedback loop mechanism - CORRECT ANSWER- *ovulation in females*
1) hormone A
2) target cell
3) increased secretion of hormone A and increased of hormone A receptors
Allen's Rule - CORRECT ANSWER- animals shape minimize heat loss in cold climate
and heat gain in warm climate
example of allen's rule - CORRECT ANSWER- arm length longer in tropical climate
(related to cartilage growth)
bergmann's rule - CORRECT ANSWER- larger species found in colder climates (no
longer accepted)
example of bergmann's rule - CORRECT ANSWER- inuits who live at the pole are
heavier than inuits who live closer to the equator
isometric growth - CORRECT ANSWER- change in size without change in proportion
mathematical relationship to isometric growth - CORRECT ANSWER- doubling in length
= surface area increases 4x volume increases 8x (2-4-8)
allometric scaling - CORRECT ANSWER- 33% increase in length = 66% increase in
surface area = 100% increase in volume (1-2-3)
Animals scale ___ - CORRECT ANSWER- allometrically
kleiber's law - CORRECT ANSWER- metabolism scales inversely with size (as animal
gets bigger, cells consume O2 at a lower rate)
symmorphosis - CORRECT ANSWER- structures are formed so as to meet but not
exceed max requirement
What becomes harder as an animal gets bigger? - CORRECT ANSWER- diffusion
fractals - CORRECT ANSWER- a repeating structural pattern a smaller and smaller
scales (circulation or lung structure)
what is used in large animals when diffusion is difficult? - CORRECT ANSWER- fractal
geometry
independent factors to changes in volume - CORRECT ANSWER- 1) size/number of
RBCs
,2) body temperature
3) muscle tension
4) rate of muscle contraction
5) plasma protein content
dependent factors to changes in volume - CORRECT ANSWER- *directly proportional
(1:1)*
1) heart size
2) lung size
3) blood volume
4) muscle mass
5) skeletal mass
as animal species get bigger: - CORRECT ANSWER- 1) metabolic rate decreases
2) heart rate decreases
3) cell size doesn't change
4) live longer
very small cells cannot ___ - CORRECT ANSWER- form proper spindle
very large cells cannot ___ - CORRECT ANSWER- coordinate cell division
1 g of harvest mouse muscle consumes O2 at ___-fold the rate of 1 g of elephant
muscle - CORRECT ANSWER- 100
skeleton theory - CORRECT ANSWER- animals must increase allometrically because
loads would otherwise increase more than the ability of the skeleton to withstand such
loads
transport theory - CORRECT ANSWER- allometric to minimize the energy cost of
transporting essential materials to where they are needed; dependent on fractal
geometry
stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER- carries information and energy
negative feedback system - CORRECT ANSWER- 1) limits change in physiological
process
2) most common
, positive control system - CORRECT ANSWER- 1) accelerates change in physiological
process
2) uncontrollable
3) found in clotting and reproduction
homeostasis is based on what types of cells - CORRECT ANSWER- neuronal and
endocrine
neurons - CORRECT ANSWER- capable of electrical current flows across membrane
endocrine cells - CORRECT ANSWER- release of chemical messengers into blood
regulated critical factors - CORRECT ANSWER- - temp, pH, amount of O2
- can cause rapid death
regulated less critical factors - CORRECT ANSWER- - blood levels of nutrients, ions
- won't cause rapid death
fundamental components of endocrine signaling - CORRECT ANSWER- - regulated
secretion into extracellular fluid
- movement into blood, circulation through body (slower time frame, longer lasting
effects)
- diffusion toward target cell, recognition event
types of signaling systems - CORRECT ANSWER- 1) endocrine - inner secretion
(sensory - afferent (into) CNS input - efferent (out of) response)
2) exocrine - outer secretion to hollow organs, surface
3) paracrine - secretion to neighbors
4) autocrine - secretion to oneself
negative feedback loop mechanism - CORRECT ANSWER- 1) hormone A
2) target cell
3) physiological change
4) decreased secretion of hormone A
positive feedback loop mechanism - CORRECT ANSWER- *ovulation in females*
1) hormone A
2) target cell
3) increased secretion of hormone A and increased of hormone A receptors
