PNB 2274 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Fully Solved Latest 2025
Microvilli - Answers foldings of the membrane that increase surface area for absorption
Function of Microvilli - Answers to increase surface area for absorption
Location of microvilli - Answers transport epithelia; kidney, intestine, some parts of the brain
Symporter - Answers secondary active transporter that allows two substances to travel in the same
direction
Antiporter - Answers primary active pump that moves substances in opposite directions (ex. Na+ K+
pump)
Uniporter - Answers passive movement of one substance with concentration gradient
Epithelial Tissue Types - Answers secretory, protective, transport, ciliated, exchange
Secretory Epithelia - Answers cells are lined up in gland (as in sweat glands) and release sweat and other
substances via vesicles
Secretory Epithelia have a lot of (organelle types) - Answers golgi and endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER
for protein, smooth ER for fat)
Protective Epithelia - Answers have a lot of keratin and desmosomes that provide very strong, staple-like
junctions
Function of Protective Epithelia - Answers to make sure our cells do not come apart with movement of
the body
Type of junction in protective epithelia - Answers desmosomes
type of junction in transport epithelia - Answers tight junctions
4 Types of Junctions - Answers tight, adhering, desmosomes, gap junctions
Tight Junctions location - Answers more toward the apical surface of transporting epithelia
function of tight junctions - Answers prevent substances from moving between cells
structure of tight junctions - Answers ZO-1 binds with occludin (?)
Components of adhering junctions - Answers actin (intra) and cadherins (extracellular)
Location of adhering junctions - Answers deep to tight junctions, they encircle the cell immediately
adjacent to all its neighbors
Location of desmosomes - Answers very common in epithelial cells
, function of desmosomes - Answers hold together cells under a lot of stress
Button desmosomes function - Answers make sure the cells stay in place and do not pull off from one
another and allow bending and twisting
Mutation of proteins in hemidesmosomes can cause - Answers digestive issues (epithelial lining) as well
as skin conditions
Structure of gap junctions - Answers provide a pore through the membrane to allow rapid
communication between cells through diffusion
How are gap junctions controlled - Answers transcription and translation
function of gap junctions - Answers homeostasis, cell growth and regeneration, embryonic
development, electrical and metabolic coupling
structure of a pore of a gap junction - Answers each pore has two hemichannels, each made up of 6 pore
proteins
Exchange Epithelia - Answers have gaps but NOT gap junctions to allow for exchange of gases
location of exchange epithelia - Answers lungs, digestive system
Fact of Connective Tissues - Answers most abundant and widely distributed tissue type in the body
What can we call connective tissues - Answers the "glue" of the body
Structural components of connective tissues - Answers specialized cells, protein fibers, ground
substance
extracellular matrix of connective tissue is made up of - Answers protein fibers and ground substance
specialized cell in bone - Answers osteocyte
specialized cell in cartilage - Answers chondrocyte
specialized cell in fat - Answers adipocyte
specific protein fibers in connective tissue - Answers elastic fibers, collagen, reticular fibers
most abundant protein in the body - Answers collagen
what is the ground substance made of - Answers proteins, carbohydrates, water and salts
How much extracellular matrix is found in epithelial tissue - Answers very little
How much extracellular matrix is found in connective tissue - Answers a lot
Microvilli - Answers foldings of the membrane that increase surface area for absorption
Function of Microvilli - Answers to increase surface area for absorption
Location of microvilli - Answers transport epithelia; kidney, intestine, some parts of the brain
Symporter - Answers secondary active transporter that allows two substances to travel in the same
direction
Antiporter - Answers primary active pump that moves substances in opposite directions (ex. Na+ K+
pump)
Uniporter - Answers passive movement of one substance with concentration gradient
Epithelial Tissue Types - Answers secretory, protective, transport, ciliated, exchange
Secretory Epithelia - Answers cells are lined up in gland (as in sweat glands) and release sweat and other
substances via vesicles
Secretory Epithelia have a lot of (organelle types) - Answers golgi and endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER
for protein, smooth ER for fat)
Protective Epithelia - Answers have a lot of keratin and desmosomes that provide very strong, staple-like
junctions
Function of Protective Epithelia - Answers to make sure our cells do not come apart with movement of
the body
Type of junction in protective epithelia - Answers desmosomes
type of junction in transport epithelia - Answers tight junctions
4 Types of Junctions - Answers tight, adhering, desmosomes, gap junctions
Tight Junctions location - Answers more toward the apical surface of transporting epithelia
function of tight junctions - Answers prevent substances from moving between cells
structure of tight junctions - Answers ZO-1 binds with occludin (?)
Components of adhering junctions - Answers actin (intra) and cadherins (extracellular)
Location of adhering junctions - Answers deep to tight junctions, they encircle the cell immediately
adjacent to all its neighbors
Location of desmosomes - Answers very common in epithelial cells
, function of desmosomes - Answers hold together cells under a lot of stress
Button desmosomes function - Answers make sure the cells stay in place and do not pull off from one
another and allow bending and twisting
Mutation of proteins in hemidesmosomes can cause - Answers digestive issues (epithelial lining) as well
as skin conditions
Structure of gap junctions - Answers provide a pore through the membrane to allow rapid
communication between cells through diffusion
How are gap junctions controlled - Answers transcription and translation
function of gap junctions - Answers homeostasis, cell growth and regeneration, embryonic
development, electrical and metabolic coupling
structure of a pore of a gap junction - Answers each pore has two hemichannels, each made up of 6 pore
proteins
Exchange Epithelia - Answers have gaps but NOT gap junctions to allow for exchange of gases
location of exchange epithelia - Answers lungs, digestive system
Fact of Connective Tissues - Answers most abundant and widely distributed tissue type in the body
What can we call connective tissues - Answers the "glue" of the body
Structural components of connective tissues - Answers specialized cells, protein fibers, ground
substance
extracellular matrix of connective tissue is made up of - Answers protein fibers and ground substance
specialized cell in bone - Answers osteocyte
specialized cell in cartilage - Answers chondrocyte
specialized cell in fat - Answers adipocyte
specific protein fibers in connective tissue - Answers elastic fibers, collagen, reticular fibers
most abundant protein in the body - Answers collagen
what is the ground substance made of - Answers proteins, carbohydrates, water and salts
How much extracellular matrix is found in epithelial tissue - Answers very little
How much extracellular matrix is found in connective tissue - Answers a lot
