BIO 330 Complete Latest Actual Exam
set with Questions and correct/verified
Answers
chromosome - ANSWER-discrete unit of genome carrying many genes; visible only during cell division
structural gene - ANSWER-gene that codes for any RNA or polypeptide product other than a regulator
(bacteria)l transformation - ANSWER-the acquisition of new genetic material by incorporation of added
exogenous, nonviral DNA
transforming principle - ANSWER-DNA that is taken up by a bacterium and whose expression then
changes the properties of the recipient cell
(eukaryotic) transfection - ANSWER-the acquisition of new genetic markers by incorporation of added
DNA; new phenotype can result
nucleoSIDE - ANSWER-purine or pyrimidine base linked to the 1' carbon of RIBOSE
The difference between DNA and RNA is in the group at the 2' position of the sugar: - ANSWER-DNA has
deoxyribose (2'-H); RNA has ribose (2'-OH)
Purines - ANSWER-A/G
Pyrimidines - ANSWER-T/C/U
Hydrogen bonds between bases - ANSWER-A=T
G≡C
nucleoTIDE - ANSWER-nucleoSIDE linked to a phosphate group on EITHER the 5' or 3' carbon of the
DEOXYRIBOSE
supercoiling - ANSWER-DNA crosses its own axis for controlling expression
overwound B-form DNA has - ANSWER-more than 10.5 base pairs per turn of the helix
underwound B-form DNA has - ANSWER-fewer than 10.5 base pairs per turn of the helix
denaturation of DNA involves - ANSWER-breaking the hydrogen bones between bases
renaturation of DNA is the - ANSWER-reassociation of denatured complementary single strands of DNA
double helix.
polymerases act on separated DNA strands at the - ANSWER-replication fork - a point at which the
parental strands are separated (by a helicase)
The enzymes that synthesize DNA are called - ANSWER-DNA polymerases
Endonuclease - ANSWER-cleaves a bond WITHIN a nucleic acid
Exonuclease - ANSWER-removes bases one at a time from 5' end OR 3' end
DNA is converted into RNA by - ANSWER-transcription
RNA may be converted into DNA by - ANSWER-reverse transcription (RNA dependent DNA)
RNA polymerase - ANSWER-enzyme that synthesizes RNA using a DNA template
central dogma - ANSWER-the translation of RNA into protein is unidirectional
anneal - ANSWER-renature
, hybridization - ANSWER-nucleic acids hybridize by base pairing; their ability to do so is a measure of their
complementarity
mutations may occur (2) - ANSWER-(1) spontaneously (2) induced by mutagens
point mutation - ANSWER-changes a single base pair; may be caused by the chemical conversion of one
base into another or by errors that occur during replication
transition - ANSWER-replaces G-C bp with an A-T bp or vice versa (more common than transversion)
transversion - ANSWER-replaces purine with a pyrimidine
movement of transposable elements can result in - ANSWER-insertions and/or deletions
forward mutations - ANSWER-alter the function of a gene
back mutations/revertants - ANSWER-reverse effects of forward mutations
true reversion - ANSWER-a mutation that restores the original DNA sequence
second-site reversion - ANSWER-a second mutation that suppresses the effect of a first mutation within
the same gene
suppression - ANSWER-occurs when a mutation in a second gene bypasses the effect of mutation in the
first gene, as in second-site reversion
concentrated hotspots - ANSWER-where spontaneous mutations are concentrated on a gene
hotspots result from - ANSWER-modified base 5-methylcytosine which is deaminated to thymine and/or
high frequency of change in copy number of short tandem repeats (STRs aka microsatellite)
viroid - ANSWER-small infectious nucleic acid that lacks a protein coat
prion - ANSWER-proteinaceous infectious agent that behaves as an inheritable trait despite its lack of
nucleic acids; "accidental pathogen"
allele - ANSWER-one of several alternative forms of a gene occupying a given locus on a chromosome
locus - ANSWER-the position on a chromosome at which the gene for a particular trait resides
genetic recombination - ANSWER-process by which separate DNA molecules are joined into a single
molecule, due to such processes such as crossing-over or transposition.
heteromultimer - ANSWER-molecular complex (e.g. protein) composed of different subunits
homomultimer - ANSWER-molecular complex (e.g. protein) in which the subunits are identical.
recessive mutations are due to - ANSWER-loss-of-function by protein product (hypoactive)
dominant mutations result from - ANSWER-gain-of-function (hyperactive)
null mutation - ANSWER-completely eliminates function
silent mutations - ANSWER-mutations that do not affect protein sequence or function
neutral substitutions - ANSWER-cause changes in amino acids that do not affect activity
recombination occurs by - ANSWER-physical exchange of DNA - breakage and reunion that proceeds VIA
AN INTERMEDIATE of hybrid DNA that depends on the complementarity of the two strands
"Center of Life" - ANSWER-recombining genes for diversity
the frequency of recombination between two genes is proportional to their - ANSWER-physical distance -
recombination between genes that are very closely linked is rare; for genes that are very far apart on a
single chromosome, frequency of recombination is not proportional to physical distance because it
happens so frequently.
set with Questions and correct/verified
Answers
chromosome - ANSWER-discrete unit of genome carrying many genes; visible only during cell division
structural gene - ANSWER-gene that codes for any RNA or polypeptide product other than a regulator
(bacteria)l transformation - ANSWER-the acquisition of new genetic material by incorporation of added
exogenous, nonviral DNA
transforming principle - ANSWER-DNA that is taken up by a bacterium and whose expression then
changes the properties of the recipient cell
(eukaryotic) transfection - ANSWER-the acquisition of new genetic markers by incorporation of added
DNA; new phenotype can result
nucleoSIDE - ANSWER-purine or pyrimidine base linked to the 1' carbon of RIBOSE
The difference between DNA and RNA is in the group at the 2' position of the sugar: - ANSWER-DNA has
deoxyribose (2'-H); RNA has ribose (2'-OH)
Purines - ANSWER-A/G
Pyrimidines - ANSWER-T/C/U
Hydrogen bonds between bases - ANSWER-A=T
G≡C
nucleoTIDE - ANSWER-nucleoSIDE linked to a phosphate group on EITHER the 5' or 3' carbon of the
DEOXYRIBOSE
supercoiling - ANSWER-DNA crosses its own axis for controlling expression
overwound B-form DNA has - ANSWER-more than 10.5 base pairs per turn of the helix
underwound B-form DNA has - ANSWER-fewer than 10.5 base pairs per turn of the helix
denaturation of DNA involves - ANSWER-breaking the hydrogen bones between bases
renaturation of DNA is the - ANSWER-reassociation of denatured complementary single strands of DNA
double helix.
polymerases act on separated DNA strands at the - ANSWER-replication fork - a point at which the
parental strands are separated (by a helicase)
The enzymes that synthesize DNA are called - ANSWER-DNA polymerases
Endonuclease - ANSWER-cleaves a bond WITHIN a nucleic acid
Exonuclease - ANSWER-removes bases one at a time from 5' end OR 3' end
DNA is converted into RNA by - ANSWER-transcription
RNA may be converted into DNA by - ANSWER-reverse transcription (RNA dependent DNA)
RNA polymerase - ANSWER-enzyme that synthesizes RNA using a DNA template
central dogma - ANSWER-the translation of RNA into protein is unidirectional
anneal - ANSWER-renature
, hybridization - ANSWER-nucleic acids hybridize by base pairing; their ability to do so is a measure of their
complementarity
mutations may occur (2) - ANSWER-(1) spontaneously (2) induced by mutagens
point mutation - ANSWER-changes a single base pair; may be caused by the chemical conversion of one
base into another or by errors that occur during replication
transition - ANSWER-replaces G-C bp with an A-T bp or vice versa (more common than transversion)
transversion - ANSWER-replaces purine with a pyrimidine
movement of transposable elements can result in - ANSWER-insertions and/or deletions
forward mutations - ANSWER-alter the function of a gene
back mutations/revertants - ANSWER-reverse effects of forward mutations
true reversion - ANSWER-a mutation that restores the original DNA sequence
second-site reversion - ANSWER-a second mutation that suppresses the effect of a first mutation within
the same gene
suppression - ANSWER-occurs when a mutation in a second gene bypasses the effect of mutation in the
first gene, as in second-site reversion
concentrated hotspots - ANSWER-where spontaneous mutations are concentrated on a gene
hotspots result from - ANSWER-modified base 5-methylcytosine which is deaminated to thymine and/or
high frequency of change in copy number of short tandem repeats (STRs aka microsatellite)
viroid - ANSWER-small infectious nucleic acid that lacks a protein coat
prion - ANSWER-proteinaceous infectious agent that behaves as an inheritable trait despite its lack of
nucleic acids; "accidental pathogen"
allele - ANSWER-one of several alternative forms of a gene occupying a given locus on a chromosome
locus - ANSWER-the position on a chromosome at which the gene for a particular trait resides
genetic recombination - ANSWER-process by which separate DNA molecules are joined into a single
molecule, due to such processes such as crossing-over or transposition.
heteromultimer - ANSWER-molecular complex (e.g. protein) composed of different subunits
homomultimer - ANSWER-molecular complex (e.g. protein) in which the subunits are identical.
recessive mutations are due to - ANSWER-loss-of-function by protein product (hypoactive)
dominant mutations result from - ANSWER-gain-of-function (hyperactive)
null mutation - ANSWER-completely eliminates function
silent mutations - ANSWER-mutations that do not affect protein sequence or function
neutral substitutions - ANSWER-cause changes in amino acids that do not affect activity
recombination occurs by - ANSWER-physical exchange of DNA - breakage and reunion that proceeds VIA
AN INTERMEDIATE of hybrid DNA that depends on the complementarity of the two strands
"Center of Life" - ANSWER-recombining genes for diversity
the frequency of recombination between two genes is proportional to their - ANSWER-physical distance -
recombination between genes that are very closely linked is rare; for genes that are very far apart on a
single chromosome, frequency of recombination is not proportional to physical distance because it
happens so frequently.
