Bio 330 Exam 1 Complete Latest Actual
set with Questions and correct/verified
Answers
chromosomes - ANSWER-discrete unit of the genome carrying many genes
structural gene - ANSWER-a gene that codes for any RNA or polypeptide product other than a regulator
transforming principal - ANSWER-DNA that is taken up by a bacterium and whose expression then
changes the properties of the recipient cell
transfection - ANSWER-in eukaryotic cells, the acquisition of new genetic markers by incorporation of
added DNA
nucleoside - ANSWER-consists of purine or pyrimidine base linked to the 1' carbon of a pentose sugar
nucleotide - ANSWER-consists of a nuclease linked to a phosphate group on either the 5' or 3' carbon of
the (deoxy)ribose
polynucleotide - ANSWER-chain that is joined by a phosphate group between the 3' carbon of one sugar
and 5' carbon of the next sugar
supercoiling - ANSWER-the coiling of a closed duplex DNA in space so that it crosses over its own axis
complementary - ANSWER-base pairs that match up in the pairing reactions in double helical nucleic
acids
major groove - ANSWER-wide
minor groove - ANSWER-narrow
overwound - ANSWER-B-form DNA that has more than 10.5 base pairs per turn of the helix
underwound - ANSWER-B-form DNA that has fewer than 10.5 base pairs per turn of the helix
semiconservative replication - ANSWER-DNA replication accomplished by separation of the strands of a
perennial duplex, each strand then acting as a template for synthesis of a complementary strand
denaturation - ANSWER-in DNA this involves the separation of the two strands due to breaking of
hydrogen bonds between bases
renaturation - ANSWER-the reallocation of denatured complementary single strands of DNA double helix
replication fork - ANSWER-the point at which the parental strands are seperated
DNA polymerases - ANSWER-the enzymes that synthesize DNA
endonucleases - ANSWER-cleaves a bond within a nucleic acid
exonucleases - ANSWER-removes bases one at a time
reverse transcription - ANSWER-RNA converted into DNA
RNA polymerases - ANSWER-an enzyme that synthesizes RNA using a DNA template
Central dogma - ANSWER-info cannot be transformed from protein or protein to nucleic acid, but can be
transferred between nucleic acids and from nucleic acid to protein
Melting Temperature (Tm) - ANSWER-midpoint of the temp range for denaturation
spontaneously - ANSWER-random
induced - ANSWER-by mutagens
, point muation - ANSWER-changes a single base pair
transition - ANSWER-replaces G-C base pair with an A-T base pair
transversion - ANSWER-replaces a A-T to T-A
forward mutations - ANSWER-alter function of a gene
back mutations - ANSWER-reverse their affects
True reversion - ANSWER-a mutation that restores the original sequence of DNA
second-site reversion - ANSWER-a second mutation suppressing the affect of a first mutation within the
same gene
suppression - ANSWER-occurs when a mutation in a second gene by pass the effect of mutation in the
first gene
hotspots - ANSWER-where the frequency is increased by at least an order of magnitude
Prion - ANSWER-a proteinaceors infectious agent that behaves as an inheritable trait even though it
contains no nucleic acid
Allele - ANSWER-a gene occupying a given locus on a chromosome
locus - ANSWER-the position on a chromosome at which the gene for a particular trait resides; it may be
occupied by any one of the alleles for the gene
genetic recombination - ANSWER-a process by which separate DNA molecules are joined into a single
molecule, due to such processes as crossing-over or transposition
heteromultimer - ANSWER-a molecular complex (such as protein) composed of different subunits
homomultimer - ANSWER-a molecular complex (such as protein) composed of identical subunits
one gene: one enzyme hypothesis - ANSWER-that a gene is a stretch of DNA encoding one or more
isoforms of a single polypeptide chain
one gene: one polypeptide hypothesis - ANSWER-that a gene is responsible for the production of a single
polypeptide
loss-of-function - ANSWER-recessive mutations are due to this
gain-of-function - ANSWER-dominant mutations are due to this
silent mutations - ANSWER-have no affect, either because the base change does not charge the
sequence or amount of protein, or because the change in protein sequence has no affect
neutral substitutions - ANSWER-substitutions in a protein that causes changes in amino acids that do not
affect activity
plymorphic - ANSWER-distribution of alleles with no individual allele that can be considered to be the
sole wild-type
genetic codes - ANSWER-read in triplet nucleotides called codons
acridines - ANSWER-mutagens that act on DNA to cause the insertion or deletion of a single base pair
frameshift - ANSWER-mutations that insert or delete individual bases cause this
reading frame - ANSWER-what is translated
open reading frame (ORF) - ANSWER-a sequence of DNA consisting of triplets that can be translated into
amino acids starting with an initiation codon and ending with a termination codon
closed (blocked) reading frame - ANSWER-a reading frame that cannot be translated into protein
because the occurrence of termination codons
set with Questions and correct/verified
Answers
chromosomes - ANSWER-discrete unit of the genome carrying many genes
structural gene - ANSWER-a gene that codes for any RNA or polypeptide product other than a regulator
transforming principal - ANSWER-DNA that is taken up by a bacterium and whose expression then
changes the properties of the recipient cell
transfection - ANSWER-in eukaryotic cells, the acquisition of new genetic markers by incorporation of
added DNA
nucleoside - ANSWER-consists of purine or pyrimidine base linked to the 1' carbon of a pentose sugar
nucleotide - ANSWER-consists of a nuclease linked to a phosphate group on either the 5' or 3' carbon of
the (deoxy)ribose
polynucleotide - ANSWER-chain that is joined by a phosphate group between the 3' carbon of one sugar
and 5' carbon of the next sugar
supercoiling - ANSWER-the coiling of a closed duplex DNA in space so that it crosses over its own axis
complementary - ANSWER-base pairs that match up in the pairing reactions in double helical nucleic
acids
major groove - ANSWER-wide
minor groove - ANSWER-narrow
overwound - ANSWER-B-form DNA that has more than 10.5 base pairs per turn of the helix
underwound - ANSWER-B-form DNA that has fewer than 10.5 base pairs per turn of the helix
semiconservative replication - ANSWER-DNA replication accomplished by separation of the strands of a
perennial duplex, each strand then acting as a template for synthesis of a complementary strand
denaturation - ANSWER-in DNA this involves the separation of the two strands due to breaking of
hydrogen bonds between bases
renaturation - ANSWER-the reallocation of denatured complementary single strands of DNA double helix
replication fork - ANSWER-the point at which the parental strands are seperated
DNA polymerases - ANSWER-the enzymes that synthesize DNA
endonucleases - ANSWER-cleaves a bond within a nucleic acid
exonucleases - ANSWER-removes bases one at a time
reverse transcription - ANSWER-RNA converted into DNA
RNA polymerases - ANSWER-an enzyme that synthesizes RNA using a DNA template
Central dogma - ANSWER-info cannot be transformed from protein or protein to nucleic acid, but can be
transferred between nucleic acids and from nucleic acid to protein
Melting Temperature (Tm) - ANSWER-midpoint of the temp range for denaturation
spontaneously - ANSWER-random
induced - ANSWER-by mutagens
, point muation - ANSWER-changes a single base pair
transition - ANSWER-replaces G-C base pair with an A-T base pair
transversion - ANSWER-replaces a A-T to T-A
forward mutations - ANSWER-alter function of a gene
back mutations - ANSWER-reverse their affects
True reversion - ANSWER-a mutation that restores the original sequence of DNA
second-site reversion - ANSWER-a second mutation suppressing the affect of a first mutation within the
same gene
suppression - ANSWER-occurs when a mutation in a second gene by pass the effect of mutation in the
first gene
hotspots - ANSWER-where the frequency is increased by at least an order of magnitude
Prion - ANSWER-a proteinaceors infectious agent that behaves as an inheritable trait even though it
contains no nucleic acid
Allele - ANSWER-a gene occupying a given locus on a chromosome
locus - ANSWER-the position on a chromosome at which the gene for a particular trait resides; it may be
occupied by any one of the alleles for the gene
genetic recombination - ANSWER-a process by which separate DNA molecules are joined into a single
molecule, due to such processes as crossing-over or transposition
heteromultimer - ANSWER-a molecular complex (such as protein) composed of different subunits
homomultimer - ANSWER-a molecular complex (such as protein) composed of identical subunits
one gene: one enzyme hypothesis - ANSWER-that a gene is a stretch of DNA encoding one or more
isoforms of a single polypeptide chain
one gene: one polypeptide hypothesis - ANSWER-that a gene is responsible for the production of a single
polypeptide
loss-of-function - ANSWER-recessive mutations are due to this
gain-of-function - ANSWER-dominant mutations are due to this
silent mutations - ANSWER-have no affect, either because the base change does not charge the
sequence or amount of protein, or because the change in protein sequence has no affect
neutral substitutions - ANSWER-substitutions in a protein that causes changes in amino acids that do not
affect activity
plymorphic - ANSWER-distribution of alleles with no individual allele that can be considered to be the
sole wild-type
genetic codes - ANSWER-read in triplet nucleotides called codons
acridines - ANSWER-mutagens that act on DNA to cause the insertion or deletion of a single base pair
frameshift - ANSWER-mutations that insert or delete individual bases cause this
reading frame - ANSWER-what is translated
open reading frame (ORF) - ANSWER-a sequence of DNA consisting of triplets that can be translated into
amino acids starting with an initiation codon and ending with a termination codon
closed (blocked) reading frame - ANSWER-a reading frame that cannot be translated into protein
because the occurrence of termination codons
