PATHO 370 MIDTERM EEXAM WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
Autologous stem cell transplantation is a procedure in which:
A. Stem cells are transferred to the patient from an identical twin.
B. There is a high rejection rate.
C. Stem cells are harvested from the patient and then returned to the same
patient.
D.Stem cells are transferred to the patient from an HLA-matched donor.
( correct answers ) C. Stem cells are harvested from the patient and
then returned to the same patient.
In autologous transplantation, the stem cells are collected from the
patient's own blood and then stored and reinfused in the same patient after
chemotherapy and radiation.
The use of autologous transplants eliminates the problem of graft-versus-
host disease. Transplant from a closely matched donor is known as
allogeneic transplant. In
autologous transplant, stem cells are used from the patient's own blood.
Emesis causes:
E. Metabolic alkalosis.
F. Respiratory acidosis.
G. Metabolic alkalosis.
H. Respiratory alkalosis. ( correct answers ) A. Metabolic alkalosis.
Emesis causes metabolic alkalosis as the stomach is a major reservoir for
acids. Emesis causes a metabolic acid-base imbalance as it is not related
to the respiratory system. Emesis involves loss of gastric acid and fluid
and causes an alkalotic disruption.
Which clinical finding is indicative of compartment syndrome?
I. Peripheral edema.
J. Redness and swelling.
,C. Atrophy of distal tissues.
D. Absent peripheral pulses. ( correct answers ) D. Absent
peripheral pulses.
Compartment syndrome creates an effective absence of arterial circulation
to an extremity. Swelling within a cast or tight dressing may contribute to
the development of compartment syndrome. Compartment syndrome
creates pallor in the affected extremity. Acute arterial occlusion is an
emergency, and could result in profound ischemia in the involved limb.
A patient with a history of myocardial infarction continues to complain of
intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. The
likely cause of this pain is:
A. Unstable angina.
B. Coronary vasospasm.
C. Myocardial infarction.
D. Stable angina. ( correct answers ) D. Stable angina.
Stable angina is the most common form of chest pain and is characterized
by pain that is caused under conditions of increased myocardial workload,
such as physical exertion or emotional strain. Pain related to myocardial
infarction is not relieved by rest.
Coronary vasospasm is characterized by unpredictable attacks of angina
pain. A patient with unstable angina presents with symptoms similar to
myocardial infarction.
The assessment findings of a 5-year-old with a history of asthma include
extreme shortness of breath, nasal flaring, coughing, pulsus paradoxus,
and use of accessory respiratory muscles. There is no wheezing and the
chest is silent in many areas. How should you interpret your assessment?
A. Since there is not wheezing, asthma is the problem, but oxygen should
be started immediately anyway.
B. The child may be having such a severe asthma episode that the airways
are closed, so start oxygen and get the doctor immediately.
C. The child probably has consolidated pneumonia; oxygen should
be started immediately.
D. The signs and symptoms are consistent with asthma; start oxygen and
then check to see that your stethoscope is working properly. ( correct
answers ) B. The child may be having such a
severe asthma episode that the airways are closed, so start oxygen and get
the doctor immediately.
,The airway inflammation, edema, and bronchoconstriction of acute asthma
may occlude small airways completely, so that no air is moving, which
requires emergency intervention. Alicia has a history of asthma rather than
pneumonia. Asthma can occur without wheezing. This is an emergency
situation that requires you to start oxygen and notify the physician.
The hypersecretion of mucus resulting for chronic bronchitis is the result of:
A. Destruction of alveolar septa.
B. Reduced inflammation.
C. Recurrent infection.
d. Barrel chest. ( correct answers ) C. Recurrent infection.
Mucus provides a hospitable environment for bacterial colonization and
recurrent infection. Destruction of alveolar septa and reduced inflammation
are not complications of chronic bronchitis. Hypersecretion of mucus does
not contribute to barrel chest.
The major cause of death from leukemic disease is:
A. Malnutrition.
b. Kidney failure.
C. Infection.
D. Hypovolemic shock.( correct answers ) C. Infection.
Infection is the most common cause of death in the immunocompromised
patient, because it can become a life-threatening sepsis. Malnutrition can be
a side effect of the disease process or the treatment. Hypovolemic shock is
not generally associated with leukemic disease. There is no direct
connection between kidney failure and death in leukemia, although kidney
failure may occur as a result of treatment.
When a parent asks how they will know if their 2-month-old baby, who is
throwing up and has frequent diarrhea, is dehydrated, the nurse's best
response is:
A. "If the soft spot on the top of his head feels sunken in and his mouth is
dry between his cheek and his gums, then he is probably dehydrated."
B. "If he doesn't wet his diaper all afternoon and his neck veins look flat
when he is lying down, then he is probably dehydrated."
, C. "If he sleeps more than usual and acts tired when he is awake, then he
is probably dehydrated."
D. "Clinical dehydration is the combination of extracellular fluid volume
deficit and hypernatremia, so those are the diagnostic criteria." ( correct
answers ) A. If the soft spot on the top
of his head feels sunken in and his mouth is dry between his cheek and
gums, then he is probably dehydrated.
Checking whether the head feels sunken and the mouth is dry between
check and gums are useful assessments of ECV deficit in an infant, which
is an important part of clinical dehydration. It is true that clinical dehydration
is the combination of extracellular fluid volume deficit and hypernatremia,
but it does not address the question Mr. Worry is asking. Although the diaper
information provides a useful assessment, neck veins are not a reliable
assessment in an infant. Drowsiness and fatigue are not reliable assessments
for dehydration.
Manifestations from sodium imbalances occur primarily as a result of:
A. Hypovolemia.
B. Vascular collapse.
C. Hyperosmolarity.
D. Cellular fluid shifts. ( correct answers ) D. Cellular fluid shifts.
Sodium imbalances alter osmolality of fluid compartment leading to
osmosis of water from the hypo-osmolar compartment to the hyperosmolar
compartment. In brain cells, this leads to swelling or shrinkage of cells, and
associated manifestations.
A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of
162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past
medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of
cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The
patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet.
At the office visit today, the patient's blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What
is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?
A. Encourage smoking cessation.
B.
D. Recheck blood pressure drug
Begin antihypertensive in 4 to 6 weeks.
( correct answers ) D.
therapy. antihypertensive drug Begin
C. Begin
therapy. lifestyle modifications.
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
Autologous stem cell transplantation is a procedure in which:
A. Stem cells are transferred to the patient from an identical twin.
B. There is a high rejection rate.
C. Stem cells are harvested from the patient and then returned to the same
patient.
D.Stem cells are transferred to the patient from an HLA-matched donor.
( correct answers ) C. Stem cells are harvested from the patient and
then returned to the same patient.
In autologous transplantation, the stem cells are collected from the
patient's own blood and then stored and reinfused in the same patient after
chemotherapy and radiation.
The use of autologous transplants eliminates the problem of graft-versus-
host disease. Transplant from a closely matched donor is known as
allogeneic transplant. In
autologous transplant, stem cells are used from the patient's own blood.
Emesis causes:
E. Metabolic alkalosis.
F. Respiratory acidosis.
G. Metabolic alkalosis.
H. Respiratory alkalosis. ( correct answers ) A. Metabolic alkalosis.
Emesis causes metabolic alkalosis as the stomach is a major reservoir for
acids. Emesis causes a metabolic acid-base imbalance as it is not related
to the respiratory system. Emesis involves loss of gastric acid and fluid
and causes an alkalotic disruption.
Which clinical finding is indicative of compartment syndrome?
I. Peripheral edema.
J. Redness and swelling.
,C. Atrophy of distal tissues.
D. Absent peripheral pulses. ( correct answers ) D. Absent
peripheral pulses.
Compartment syndrome creates an effective absence of arterial circulation
to an extremity. Swelling within a cast or tight dressing may contribute to
the development of compartment syndrome. Compartment syndrome
creates pallor in the affected extremity. Acute arterial occlusion is an
emergency, and could result in profound ischemia in the involved limb.
A patient with a history of myocardial infarction continues to complain of
intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. The
likely cause of this pain is:
A. Unstable angina.
B. Coronary vasospasm.
C. Myocardial infarction.
D. Stable angina. ( correct answers ) D. Stable angina.
Stable angina is the most common form of chest pain and is characterized
by pain that is caused under conditions of increased myocardial workload,
such as physical exertion or emotional strain. Pain related to myocardial
infarction is not relieved by rest.
Coronary vasospasm is characterized by unpredictable attacks of angina
pain. A patient with unstable angina presents with symptoms similar to
myocardial infarction.
The assessment findings of a 5-year-old with a history of asthma include
extreme shortness of breath, nasal flaring, coughing, pulsus paradoxus,
and use of accessory respiratory muscles. There is no wheezing and the
chest is silent in many areas. How should you interpret your assessment?
A. Since there is not wheezing, asthma is the problem, but oxygen should
be started immediately anyway.
B. The child may be having such a severe asthma episode that the airways
are closed, so start oxygen and get the doctor immediately.
C. The child probably has consolidated pneumonia; oxygen should
be started immediately.
D. The signs and symptoms are consistent with asthma; start oxygen and
then check to see that your stethoscope is working properly. ( correct
answers ) B. The child may be having such a
severe asthma episode that the airways are closed, so start oxygen and get
the doctor immediately.
,The airway inflammation, edema, and bronchoconstriction of acute asthma
may occlude small airways completely, so that no air is moving, which
requires emergency intervention. Alicia has a history of asthma rather than
pneumonia. Asthma can occur without wheezing. This is an emergency
situation that requires you to start oxygen and notify the physician.
The hypersecretion of mucus resulting for chronic bronchitis is the result of:
A. Destruction of alveolar septa.
B. Reduced inflammation.
C. Recurrent infection.
d. Barrel chest. ( correct answers ) C. Recurrent infection.
Mucus provides a hospitable environment for bacterial colonization and
recurrent infection. Destruction of alveolar septa and reduced inflammation
are not complications of chronic bronchitis. Hypersecretion of mucus does
not contribute to barrel chest.
The major cause of death from leukemic disease is:
A. Malnutrition.
b. Kidney failure.
C. Infection.
D. Hypovolemic shock.( correct answers ) C. Infection.
Infection is the most common cause of death in the immunocompromised
patient, because it can become a life-threatening sepsis. Malnutrition can be
a side effect of the disease process or the treatment. Hypovolemic shock is
not generally associated with leukemic disease. There is no direct
connection between kidney failure and death in leukemia, although kidney
failure may occur as a result of treatment.
When a parent asks how they will know if their 2-month-old baby, who is
throwing up and has frequent diarrhea, is dehydrated, the nurse's best
response is:
A. "If the soft spot on the top of his head feels sunken in and his mouth is
dry between his cheek and his gums, then he is probably dehydrated."
B. "If he doesn't wet his diaper all afternoon and his neck veins look flat
when he is lying down, then he is probably dehydrated."
, C. "If he sleeps more than usual and acts tired when he is awake, then he
is probably dehydrated."
D. "Clinical dehydration is the combination of extracellular fluid volume
deficit and hypernatremia, so those are the diagnostic criteria." ( correct
answers ) A. If the soft spot on the top
of his head feels sunken in and his mouth is dry between his cheek and
gums, then he is probably dehydrated.
Checking whether the head feels sunken and the mouth is dry between
check and gums are useful assessments of ECV deficit in an infant, which
is an important part of clinical dehydration. It is true that clinical dehydration
is the combination of extracellular fluid volume deficit and hypernatremia,
but it does not address the question Mr. Worry is asking. Although the diaper
information provides a useful assessment, neck veins are not a reliable
assessment in an infant. Drowsiness and fatigue are not reliable assessments
for dehydration.
Manifestations from sodium imbalances occur primarily as a result of:
A. Hypovolemia.
B. Vascular collapse.
C. Hyperosmolarity.
D. Cellular fluid shifts. ( correct answers ) D. Cellular fluid shifts.
Sodium imbalances alter osmolality of fluid compartment leading to
osmosis of water from the hypo-osmolar compartment to the hyperosmolar
compartment. In brain cells, this leads to swelling or shrinkage of cells, and
associated manifestations.
A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of
162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past
medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of
cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The
patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet.
At the office visit today, the patient's blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What
is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?
A. Encourage smoking cessation.
B.
D. Recheck blood pressure drug
Begin antihypertensive in 4 to 6 weeks.
( correct answers ) D.
therapy. antihypertensive drug Begin
C. Begin
therapy. lifestyle modifications.
