INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 4344-830
EXAM 3
First43mover43advantage:43-43answer--
advantages43accruing43to43the43first43to43enter43a43market
First-mover43disadvantage:43-43answer--
Disadvantages43associated43with43entering43a43foreign43market43before43other43internati
onal43businesses.
Exporting:43-43answer--
Sales43of43products43produced43in43one43country43to43residents43of43another43country
Disadvantages43of43Exporting:43-43answer--lower-
cost43locations43for43manufacturing43abroad,43high43transport43costs43can43make43expor
ting43uneconomical,43traffic43barriers43can43make43exporting43uneconomical
Licensing:43-43answer--
Occurs43when43a43firm43(the43licensor)43licenses43the43right43to43produce43its43product,43
use43its43production43processes,43or43use43its43brand43name43or43trademark43to43anothe
r43firm43(the43licensee)
Licensing43Agreements:43-43answer--
Agreement43in43which43a43licensor43grants43the43rights43to43intangible43property43to43a43l
icensee43for43a43specified43period43and43receives43a43royalty43fee43to43return
Disadvantage43of43Licensing:43-43answer--
doesn't43give43a43firm43the43tight43control43over43manufacturing,43marketing,43and43strat
egy43is43required43for43realizing43experience43curve43and43location43economies;43secon
d43is43competing43in43a43global43market43may43require43a43firm43to43coordinate43strategi
c43moves43across43countries43by43using43profits43earned43in43one43country43to43support4
3competitive43attacks43in43another;43third43is43technological43know-
how43to43foreign43companies43where43most43companies43want43to43control43but43with43li
censing43they43can43lose43control
Franchising:43-43answer--
food43and43hotels;43a43specialized43form43of43licensing43in43which43the43franchiser43sells
43the43intangible43property43to43the43franchisee43and43insists43on43rules43to43conduct43th
e43business
, Tariffs:43-43answer--a43tax43levied43on43imports
Strategic43Alliances:43-43answer--
are43cooperative43agreements43between43potential43or43actual43competitors;43non-
contractual43market43of43two43companies;43alliances43can43be43terminated43in43a43snap
Timing43of43Entry:43-43answer--
Entry43is43early43when43a43firm43enters43a43foreign43market43before43other43foreign43firm
s43and43late43when43a43firm43enters43after43other43international43businesses43have43esta
blished43themselves.
Pioneering43cost:43-43answer--
Costs43an43early43entrant43bears43that43later43entrants43avoid,43such43as43the43time43an
d43effort43in43learning43the43rules,43failure43due43to43ignorance,43and43the43liability43of43b
eing43a43foreigner.
Turnkey43contracts:43-43answer--
a43project43in43which43a43firm43agrees43to43set43up43an43operating43plant43for43a43foreign
43client43and43hand43over43the43"key"43when43the43plant43is43fully43operational.
Joint43Ventures:43-43answer--
a43cooperative43undertaking43between43two43or43more43firms
Wholly43owned43subsidiaries/43greenfield43subsidiaries:43-43answer--
a43subsidiary43in43which43the43firm43owns4310043percent43of43the43stock
Fewer43than431%43are43involved43an43international43trade43most43US43businesses43are4
3small43local43companies.43-43answer--
Direct43Investment:43-43answer--
occurs43when43a43firm43invests43directly43in43facilities43to43produce43or43market43a43goo
d43or43service43in43a43foreign43country
MITI:43-43answer--Japan's43Ministry43of43International43Trade43and43Industry
Sogo43Shosha:43-43answer--
Japanese43trading43companies:43a43key43part43of43the43keiretsu,43the43large43Japanese4
3industrial43groups
Export43Management43Company43(EMC):43-43answer--
an43export43specialist43that43acts43as43an43export43marketing43department43for43client43fi
rms
EXAM 3
First43mover43advantage:43-43answer--
advantages43accruing43to43the43first43to43enter43a43market
First-mover43disadvantage:43-43answer--
Disadvantages43associated43with43entering43a43foreign43market43before43other43internati
onal43businesses.
Exporting:43-43answer--
Sales43of43products43produced43in43one43country43to43residents43of43another43country
Disadvantages43of43Exporting:43-43answer--lower-
cost43locations43for43manufacturing43abroad,43high43transport43costs43can43make43expor
ting43uneconomical,43traffic43barriers43can43make43exporting43uneconomical
Licensing:43-43answer--
Occurs43when43a43firm43(the43licensor)43licenses43the43right43to43produce43its43product,43
use43its43production43processes,43or43use43its43brand43name43or43trademark43to43anothe
r43firm43(the43licensee)
Licensing43Agreements:43-43answer--
Agreement43in43which43a43licensor43grants43the43rights43to43intangible43property43to43a43l
icensee43for43a43specified43period43and43receives43a43royalty43fee43to43return
Disadvantage43of43Licensing:43-43answer--
doesn't43give43a43firm43the43tight43control43over43manufacturing,43marketing,43and43strat
egy43is43required43for43realizing43experience43curve43and43location43economies;43secon
d43is43competing43in43a43global43market43may43require43a43firm43to43coordinate43strategi
c43moves43across43countries43by43using43profits43earned43in43one43country43to43support4
3competitive43attacks43in43another;43third43is43technological43know-
how43to43foreign43companies43where43most43companies43want43to43control43but43with43li
censing43they43can43lose43control
Franchising:43-43answer--
food43and43hotels;43a43specialized43form43of43licensing43in43which43the43franchiser43sells
43the43intangible43property43to43the43franchisee43and43insists43on43rules43to43conduct43th
e43business
, Tariffs:43-43answer--a43tax43levied43on43imports
Strategic43Alliances:43-43answer--
are43cooperative43agreements43between43potential43or43actual43competitors;43non-
contractual43market43of43two43companies;43alliances43can43be43terminated43in43a43snap
Timing43of43Entry:43-43answer--
Entry43is43early43when43a43firm43enters43a43foreign43market43before43other43foreign43firm
s43and43late43when43a43firm43enters43after43other43international43businesses43have43esta
blished43themselves.
Pioneering43cost:43-43answer--
Costs43an43early43entrant43bears43that43later43entrants43avoid,43such43as43the43time43an
d43effort43in43learning43the43rules,43failure43due43to43ignorance,43and43the43liability43of43b
eing43a43foreigner.
Turnkey43contracts:43-43answer--
a43project43in43which43a43firm43agrees43to43set43up43an43operating43plant43for43a43foreign
43client43and43hand43over43the43"key"43when43the43plant43is43fully43operational.
Joint43Ventures:43-43answer--
a43cooperative43undertaking43between43two43or43more43firms
Wholly43owned43subsidiaries/43greenfield43subsidiaries:43-43answer--
a43subsidiary43in43which43the43firm43owns4310043percent43of43the43stock
Fewer43than431%43are43involved43an43international43trade43most43US43businesses43are4
3small43local43companies.43-43answer--
Direct43Investment:43-43answer--
occurs43when43a43firm43invests43directly43in43facilities43to43produce43or43market43a43goo
d43or43service43in43a43foreign43country
MITI:43-43answer--Japan's43Ministry43of43International43Trade43and43Industry
Sogo43Shosha:43-43answer--
Japanese43trading43companies:43a43key43part43of43the43keiretsu,43the43large43Japanese4
3industrial43groups
Export43Management43Company43(EMC):43-43answer--
an43export43specialist43that43acts43as43an43export43marketing43department43for43client43fi
rms