CIC Exam Study Cards 2022/ Verified Questions
with Correct Answers.
Terms in this set (630)
Type I error Rejecting null hypothesis when it is true
Type II error failing to reject a false null hypothesis
Follows a group of people to track risk factors and outcomes
overtime
Groups are defined regarding their EXPOSURE to a factor of
interest.
(perspective or longitudinal studies)
Followed-up to determine differences in rates at which disease
develops in relation to exposure.
cohort study
Start with a sample of individuals with and without EXPOSURE
to a potential risk factors who are followed for incidence of the
outcome in each group. They can also be done retrospectively.
Cohort studies have less patient selection and stronger evidence
of causal association.
Yields incidence rates, relative risk, attributable risk
More EXPENSIVE
,Case-control study Compares histories of a group of people with a condition to
a group of people without the condition.
Begins with the identification of individuals who have the
OUTCOME of interest.
After case-control status is defined, exposures are assessed
and evaluated.
Good for studying rare outcomes or outcomes that develop
over a long time.
Determine if two groups differ in exposure.
(Case reference, case comparison. Or retrospective studies)
Examine the population of individuals with and without an
outcome of interest, study for exposure to one or more risk
factors. The studies are quicker, less expensive, and easier.
Generally yields only estimate of relative risk (odds ratio).
Example: Foodborne illness investigations
,cross-sectional study Assesses the prevalence of an outcome in a broad population at
one point in time.
Provide a "snapshot" of a population at a moment in time.
Point Prevalence.
(Prevalence, correlation or survey studies)
Exam in the outcome and risk factors reviewed in a
population group at one point in time. In the studies the
outcomes are measured the incidence rate cannot be
determined.
case reports/series Detailed history of a small number of individual cases
quasi-experiment Non-randomly assigned groups of patients to receive either a
treatment or placebo
Randomized-controlled Randomly selects a group of patients to receive a treatment and
trial Another to receive placebo
systematic review and Collects all previous studies on the topic and statistically
meta-analysis combined their results
The ability of a test to detect ALL TRUE cases of the disease.
= (Number of true-positive results) / (the number of true-positive
+ false-negative results)
Sensitivity
High sensitivity = High False Positives.
High sensitivity = TRUE NEGATIVES. You will not have any false
negative tests.
, Specificity The ability of a test to correctly identify a negative result.
= (Number of true-Negative results) + (Number of
False-Positive results)
High Specificity = TRUE POSITIVES. you will not have any false
positive tests.
High chance for false negatives.
Positive Predictive Value TP/(TP+FP)
(PPV)
Negative Predictive Value TN / (TN + FN)
(NPV)
Bacterial meningitis CSF Cloudy
analysis Increased neutrophils
Increased Protein
Decreased Glucose
Increased WBC
Clear/hazy
Normal to increased protein
Normal to decreased glucose
Viral meningitis CSF analysis Normal to increased WBC Normal to
increase lymphocytes
Normal to increased monocytes
Normal to decreased neutrophils
with Correct Answers.
Terms in this set (630)
Type I error Rejecting null hypothesis when it is true
Type II error failing to reject a false null hypothesis
Follows a group of people to track risk factors and outcomes
overtime
Groups are defined regarding their EXPOSURE to a factor of
interest.
(perspective or longitudinal studies)
Followed-up to determine differences in rates at which disease
develops in relation to exposure.
cohort study
Start with a sample of individuals with and without EXPOSURE
to a potential risk factors who are followed for incidence of the
outcome in each group. They can also be done retrospectively.
Cohort studies have less patient selection and stronger evidence
of causal association.
Yields incidence rates, relative risk, attributable risk
More EXPENSIVE
,Case-control study Compares histories of a group of people with a condition to
a group of people without the condition.
Begins with the identification of individuals who have the
OUTCOME of interest.
After case-control status is defined, exposures are assessed
and evaluated.
Good for studying rare outcomes or outcomes that develop
over a long time.
Determine if two groups differ in exposure.
(Case reference, case comparison. Or retrospective studies)
Examine the population of individuals with and without an
outcome of interest, study for exposure to one or more risk
factors. The studies are quicker, less expensive, and easier.
Generally yields only estimate of relative risk (odds ratio).
Example: Foodborne illness investigations
,cross-sectional study Assesses the prevalence of an outcome in a broad population at
one point in time.
Provide a "snapshot" of a population at a moment in time.
Point Prevalence.
(Prevalence, correlation or survey studies)
Exam in the outcome and risk factors reviewed in a
population group at one point in time. In the studies the
outcomes are measured the incidence rate cannot be
determined.
case reports/series Detailed history of a small number of individual cases
quasi-experiment Non-randomly assigned groups of patients to receive either a
treatment or placebo
Randomized-controlled Randomly selects a group of patients to receive a treatment and
trial Another to receive placebo
systematic review and Collects all previous studies on the topic and statistically
meta-analysis combined their results
The ability of a test to detect ALL TRUE cases of the disease.
= (Number of true-positive results) / (the number of true-positive
+ false-negative results)
Sensitivity
High sensitivity = High False Positives.
High sensitivity = TRUE NEGATIVES. You will not have any false
negative tests.
, Specificity The ability of a test to correctly identify a negative result.
= (Number of true-Negative results) + (Number of
False-Positive results)
High Specificity = TRUE POSITIVES. you will not have any false
positive tests.
High chance for false negatives.
Positive Predictive Value TP/(TP+FP)
(PPV)
Negative Predictive Value TN / (TN + FN)
(NPV)
Bacterial meningitis CSF Cloudy
analysis Increased neutrophils
Increased Protein
Decreased Glucose
Increased WBC
Clear/hazy
Normal to increased protein
Normal to decreased glucose
Viral meningitis CSF analysis Normal to increased WBC Normal to
increase lymphocytes
Normal to increased monocytes
Normal to decreased neutrophils
