SCRIBEAMERICA OP COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2025
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Comorbidity - ✔✔The simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions
in a
patient
✔✔Etiology - ✔✔the cause of a disease
✔✔systole (systolic) - ✔✔Phase of the heartbeat during which the muscle contracts,
pumping blood to the body
✔✔diastole (diastolic) - ✔✔Phase of the heartbeat during which muscle is relaxed and
the
heart fills with blood
✔✔diuretic - ✔✔a substance that promotes the production of urine
✔✔paresthesia - ✔✔sensation of tingling or numbness
✔✔polydipsia - ✔✔excessive thirst
✔✔ischemia - ✔✔loss of blood supply to tissue
✔✔anticoagulant - ✔✔a drug that prevents blood clotting
✔✔chronic illness - ✔✔An illness is typically classified as chronic
when it lasts longer than 3 months
• Chronic illnesses cause about 70% of deaths
in the US (According to the World Health
Organization)
• Approximately 90% of seniors have a chronic
illness and over 75% have two or more
✔✔congestive heart failure - ✔✔Sx: shortness of breath, LE edema
Reccomended therapies: diuretics; reduced fluid intake
Managed by a: cardiologist
✔✔Chronic renal failure - ✔✔Sx: variable, fatigue, LE edema, loss or appetite
,Reccomended therapies: dialysis, ACE inhibitors, ARBs; increased fluid intake
Managed by a: nephrologist
✔✔comorbidities - ✔✔Patients with comorbidities are complex in a number of
ways:
• The treatment of one disease may affect or
contradict the treatment of the second
• Adverse drug interactions
• Compounding symptoms may lead to poor
compliance with treatment plan
• If both illnesses affect a specific organ system, the patient is at increased risk of organ
failure
✔✔complex patients - ✔✔For complex patients, it is important to document:
• Symptoms in chronological order
• The status and progress of each illness
• Level of compliance with treatment plan
Complex patients often bill to higher level, so it is
important to document thoroughly and accurately.
✔✔Etiology - ✔✔The causation of the disease
Risk factors: What puts the patient at risk of developing the disease?
CC What chief complaint(s) might the patient present with?
PE What specific exam findings correlate with the disease?
Dx by: how is the disease diagnosed?
✔✔Etiology HTN - ✔✔an increase in blood pressure causes excess force against the
arterial walls.
Risk
Factors FHx of HTN, obesity, high sodium diet, smoking, ETOH
CC
• Often asymptomatic
• Hypertension (measuring at home)
• Headache, chest pain, palpitations, blurred vision,
epistaxis (usually present when HTN begins to affect
, other organ systems)
PE Lower extremity edema, carotid bruit, JVD, abnormal heart sounds
Dx by BP check and monitoring with sphygmomanometer
✔✔Systolic Blood pressure - ✔✔TOP
measures the pressure in the
arteries when the heart
contracts (beats)
✔✔Diastolic Blood Pressure - ✔✔BOTTOM
measures the pressure in the
arteries when relaxed (between
heart beats)
✔✔HTN - ✔✔As the the heart contracts, blood is pumped
through all the arteries of the body.
✔✔Hypotensive - ✔✔Sys: Less than 90
• Dia: Less than 60
✔✔Normal - ✔✔Sys: 90 to 120
• Dia: 60 to 80
✔✔prehypertensive - ✔✔Sys: 121 to 140
• Dia: 81 to 90
✔✔hypertensive - ✔✔Sys: Greater than 140
• Dia: Greater than 90
✔✔Diseases caused by hypertension - ✔✔MI /
CAD
• Untreated HTN
causes
arteriosclerosis
(thickening of
arteries) which
increases the
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Comorbidity - ✔✔The simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions
in a
patient
✔✔Etiology - ✔✔the cause of a disease
✔✔systole (systolic) - ✔✔Phase of the heartbeat during which the muscle contracts,
pumping blood to the body
✔✔diastole (diastolic) - ✔✔Phase of the heartbeat during which muscle is relaxed and
the
heart fills with blood
✔✔diuretic - ✔✔a substance that promotes the production of urine
✔✔paresthesia - ✔✔sensation of tingling or numbness
✔✔polydipsia - ✔✔excessive thirst
✔✔ischemia - ✔✔loss of blood supply to tissue
✔✔anticoagulant - ✔✔a drug that prevents blood clotting
✔✔chronic illness - ✔✔An illness is typically classified as chronic
when it lasts longer than 3 months
• Chronic illnesses cause about 70% of deaths
in the US (According to the World Health
Organization)
• Approximately 90% of seniors have a chronic
illness and over 75% have two or more
✔✔congestive heart failure - ✔✔Sx: shortness of breath, LE edema
Reccomended therapies: diuretics; reduced fluid intake
Managed by a: cardiologist
✔✔Chronic renal failure - ✔✔Sx: variable, fatigue, LE edema, loss or appetite
,Reccomended therapies: dialysis, ACE inhibitors, ARBs; increased fluid intake
Managed by a: nephrologist
✔✔comorbidities - ✔✔Patients with comorbidities are complex in a number of
ways:
• The treatment of one disease may affect or
contradict the treatment of the second
• Adverse drug interactions
• Compounding symptoms may lead to poor
compliance with treatment plan
• If both illnesses affect a specific organ system, the patient is at increased risk of organ
failure
✔✔complex patients - ✔✔For complex patients, it is important to document:
• Symptoms in chronological order
• The status and progress of each illness
• Level of compliance with treatment plan
Complex patients often bill to higher level, so it is
important to document thoroughly and accurately.
✔✔Etiology - ✔✔The causation of the disease
Risk factors: What puts the patient at risk of developing the disease?
CC What chief complaint(s) might the patient present with?
PE What specific exam findings correlate with the disease?
Dx by: how is the disease diagnosed?
✔✔Etiology HTN - ✔✔an increase in blood pressure causes excess force against the
arterial walls.
Risk
Factors FHx of HTN, obesity, high sodium diet, smoking, ETOH
CC
• Often asymptomatic
• Hypertension (measuring at home)
• Headache, chest pain, palpitations, blurred vision,
epistaxis (usually present when HTN begins to affect
, other organ systems)
PE Lower extremity edema, carotid bruit, JVD, abnormal heart sounds
Dx by BP check and monitoring with sphygmomanometer
✔✔Systolic Blood pressure - ✔✔TOP
measures the pressure in the
arteries when the heart
contracts (beats)
✔✔Diastolic Blood Pressure - ✔✔BOTTOM
measures the pressure in the
arteries when relaxed (between
heart beats)
✔✔HTN - ✔✔As the the heart contracts, blood is pumped
through all the arteries of the body.
✔✔Hypotensive - ✔✔Sys: Less than 90
• Dia: Less than 60
✔✔Normal - ✔✔Sys: 90 to 120
• Dia: 60 to 80
✔✔prehypertensive - ✔✔Sys: 121 to 140
• Dia: 81 to 90
✔✔hypertensive - ✔✔Sys: Greater than 140
• Dia: Greater than 90
✔✔Diseases caused by hypertension - ✔✔MI /
CAD
• Untreated HTN
causes
arteriosclerosis
(thickening of
arteries) which
increases the
