NR 503 CHAMBERLAIN COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2025
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work together
to aid evidence-based care? - ✔✔______________- helps look at the cause of the
issue or disease process. ________ ________ focuses on the person, place, and time.
An example of how they are intertwined might be a person who was sick from E. Coli.
The physician might look at what the individual ate to determine what made them sick.
For instance, they may have decided to eat from the salad bar at a local restaurant.
✔✔What does "causation" mean? Can you relate causation to primary, secondary and
tertiary interventions? - ✔✔is an increase in a casual factor or exposure causes an
increase in the outcome of interest (disease). It is related to primary intervention could
be the use of flu vaccines yearly to prevent the flu from causing an illness. A secondary
intervention would be to test for the influenza virus in a patient. A tertiary intervention
would be giving Tamiflu to a flu positive patient. Since we know that the influenza virus
causes the flu when can help to perform actions against it.
✔✔Are you able to discuss "surveillance" and its relationship to "causation"? - ✔✔is the
ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the
planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice closely integrated
with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know. Passive
surveillance involves using data to look at reportable diseases while active involves
using individuals such as project staff interviewing physicians about cases. Using
surveillance can help identify the causation of diseases particularly in a specific
population.
✔✔What is the case-control study and how does it differ (or how is it the same) as the
cohort study design? - ✔✔The cohort study design identifies a people exposed to a
particular factor and a comparison group that was not exposed to that factor and
measures and compares the incidence of disease in the two groups. A higher incidence
of disease in the exposed group suggests an association between that factor and the
disease outcome. This study design is generally a good choice when dealing with an
outbreak in a relatively small, well-defined source population, particularly if the disease
being studied was fairly frequent.
The case-control design uses a different sampling strategy in which the investigators
identify a group of individuals who had developed the disease (the cases) and a
comparison of individuals who did not have the disease of interest. The cases and
controls are then compared with respect to the frequency of one or more past
exposures. If the cases have a substantially higher odds of exposure to a particular
factor compared to the control subjects, it suggests an association. This strategy is a
better choice when the source population is large and ill-defined, and it is particularly
useful when the disease outcome was uncommon. Examples of two real outbreaks will
be used to illustrate these differences in sampling strategy.
, ✔✔Can you talk about the ways bias shows up in a study design (such as, selection
bias) etc? - ✔✔Selection bias occurs when subjects in a sample are not representative
of the population of interest. For example, selecting only males for a study is not
representative of the whole population. Informational bias can occur when information is
not complete or may be inaccurate. For example, blood pressure reading taken from
cuffs that are too small.
✔✔What is different in a randomized control trial than, for instance, a case-control study
(or a cohort study)? What does it mean to show a causal relationship? -
✔✔___________ studies are studies in which patients who already have a specific
condition are compared with people who do not have the condition. The researcher
looks back to identify factors or exposures that might be associated with the illness.
They often rely on medical records and patient recall for data collection. These types of
studies are often less reliable than randomized controlled trials and cohort studies
because showing a statistical relationship does not mean than one factor necessarily
caused the other.
_________ are carefully planned experiments that introduce a treatment or exposure to
study its effect on real patients. They include methodologies that reduce the potential for
bias (randomization and blinding) and that allow for comparison between intervention
groups and control (no intervention) groups. A randomized controlled trial is a planned
experiment and can provide sound evidence of cause and effect.
A cause relationship means that a cause is linked to the effect. Such as smoking
causes increased blood pressure and the effects of increased blood pressure is heart
disease.
✔✔What is each type of study used for, its purpose, and its outcomes? How are the
outcomes different in each study design? Measured? - ✔✔Case control studies are
studies in which patients who already have a specific condition are compared with
people who do not have the condition. The researcher looks back to identify factors or
exposures that might be associated with the illness. They often rely on medical records
and patient recall for data collection. These types of studies are often less reliable than
randomized controlled trials and cohort studies because showing a statistical
relationship does not mean than one factor necessarily caused the other.
Cohort studies identify a group of patients who are already taking a particular treatment
or have an exposure, follow them forward over time, and then compare their outcomes
with a similar group that has not been affected by the treatment or exposure being
studied. Cohort studies are observational and not as reliable as randomized controlled
studies, since the two groups may differ in ways other than in the variable under study.
Randomized controlled clinical trials are carefully planned experiments that introduce a
treatment or exposure to study its effect on real patients. They include methodologies
that reduce the potential for bias (randomization and blinding) and that allow for
comparison between intervention groups and control (no intervention) groups. A
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work together
to aid evidence-based care? - ✔✔______________- helps look at the cause of the
issue or disease process. ________ ________ focuses on the person, place, and time.
An example of how they are intertwined might be a person who was sick from E. Coli.
The physician might look at what the individual ate to determine what made them sick.
For instance, they may have decided to eat from the salad bar at a local restaurant.
✔✔What does "causation" mean? Can you relate causation to primary, secondary and
tertiary interventions? - ✔✔is an increase in a casual factor or exposure causes an
increase in the outcome of interest (disease). It is related to primary intervention could
be the use of flu vaccines yearly to prevent the flu from causing an illness. A secondary
intervention would be to test for the influenza virus in a patient. A tertiary intervention
would be giving Tamiflu to a flu positive patient. Since we know that the influenza virus
causes the flu when can help to perform actions against it.
✔✔Are you able to discuss "surveillance" and its relationship to "causation"? - ✔✔is the
ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the
planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice closely integrated
with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know. Passive
surveillance involves using data to look at reportable diseases while active involves
using individuals such as project staff interviewing physicians about cases. Using
surveillance can help identify the causation of diseases particularly in a specific
population.
✔✔What is the case-control study and how does it differ (or how is it the same) as the
cohort study design? - ✔✔The cohort study design identifies a people exposed to a
particular factor and a comparison group that was not exposed to that factor and
measures and compares the incidence of disease in the two groups. A higher incidence
of disease in the exposed group suggests an association between that factor and the
disease outcome. This study design is generally a good choice when dealing with an
outbreak in a relatively small, well-defined source population, particularly if the disease
being studied was fairly frequent.
The case-control design uses a different sampling strategy in which the investigators
identify a group of individuals who had developed the disease (the cases) and a
comparison of individuals who did not have the disease of interest. The cases and
controls are then compared with respect to the frequency of one or more past
exposures. If the cases have a substantially higher odds of exposure to a particular
factor compared to the control subjects, it suggests an association. This strategy is a
better choice when the source population is large and ill-defined, and it is particularly
useful when the disease outcome was uncommon. Examples of two real outbreaks will
be used to illustrate these differences in sampling strategy.
, ✔✔Can you talk about the ways bias shows up in a study design (such as, selection
bias) etc? - ✔✔Selection bias occurs when subjects in a sample are not representative
of the population of interest. For example, selecting only males for a study is not
representative of the whole population. Informational bias can occur when information is
not complete or may be inaccurate. For example, blood pressure reading taken from
cuffs that are too small.
✔✔What is different in a randomized control trial than, for instance, a case-control study
(or a cohort study)? What does it mean to show a causal relationship? -
✔✔___________ studies are studies in which patients who already have a specific
condition are compared with people who do not have the condition. The researcher
looks back to identify factors or exposures that might be associated with the illness.
They often rely on medical records and patient recall for data collection. These types of
studies are often less reliable than randomized controlled trials and cohort studies
because showing a statistical relationship does not mean than one factor necessarily
caused the other.
_________ are carefully planned experiments that introduce a treatment or exposure to
study its effect on real patients. They include methodologies that reduce the potential for
bias (randomization and blinding) and that allow for comparison between intervention
groups and control (no intervention) groups. A randomized controlled trial is a planned
experiment and can provide sound evidence of cause and effect.
A cause relationship means that a cause is linked to the effect. Such as smoking
causes increased blood pressure and the effects of increased blood pressure is heart
disease.
✔✔What is each type of study used for, its purpose, and its outcomes? How are the
outcomes different in each study design? Measured? - ✔✔Case control studies are
studies in which patients who already have a specific condition are compared with
people who do not have the condition. The researcher looks back to identify factors or
exposures that might be associated with the illness. They often rely on medical records
and patient recall for data collection. These types of studies are often less reliable than
randomized controlled trials and cohort studies because showing a statistical
relationship does not mean than one factor necessarily caused the other.
Cohort studies identify a group of patients who are already taking a particular treatment
or have an exposure, follow them forward over time, and then compare their outcomes
with a similar group that has not been affected by the treatment or exposure being
studied. Cohort studies are observational and not as reliable as randomized controlled
studies, since the two groups may differ in ways other than in the variable under study.
Randomized controlled clinical trials are carefully planned experiments that introduce a
treatment or exposure to study its effect on real patients. They include methodologies
that reduce the potential for bias (randomization and blinding) and that allow for
comparison between intervention groups and control (no intervention) groups. A
