LANGUAGE AND COGNITION EXAM 2025 WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIONS

Language – Answerthe way we communicate meaning (spoken, written, or gestured) to ourselves and others. Phonemes – Answerthe smallest distinctive units of sound used in a language Morphemes – Answerthe smallest units of meaning in a language Grammar – Answerthe system of rules in a language that enable us to communicate with and understand others Semantics – Answerthe set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences Overregularization – Answeroccurs when children apply a grammatical rule too widely and therefore created incorrect forms Syntax – Answerthe rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. Ex. In English, syntactical rule says that adjectives come before nouns; white house Receptive Language – Answerthe ability to understand language; Wernicke’s Area allows us to understand language Productive Language – Answerthe ability to produce language Babbling – Answeruniversal noises made by babies around the age of 4 months Holophrase – Answerone-word phrases babies make around the age of 12 months Telegraphic Speech – Answertwo-word phrases babies make around the age of 24 months Critical Period – Answerif children are not exposed to language before a certain age, they will be unable to acquire language (Noam Chomsky) Universal Grammar – Answerall human languages have the same grammatical building blocks, such as nouns, verbs, subjects, and objects (Noam Chomsky) Language Acquisition Device – Answerinnate speech-enabling structures in the brain that allow us to learn language (Noam Chomsky) Surface Structure – Answerlearning ABCs, just the letters and layout of the words (like shallow processing) Deep Structure – Answercombining words to make meanings (like deep processing) Linguistic Determinism – Answerthinking affects our language, which in turn affects our thoughts (Benjamin Whorf) B.F. Skinner Theory of Language – Answerargues that language acquisition is based on the principles of operant conditioning – babies imitate sounds and then are reinforced