PATH370 MIDTERM REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
what is etiology? - ANSWER-study of cause of disease
what is pathogenesis? - ANSWER-development of disease
what are clinical manifestations? - ANSWER-signs and symptoms
what is idiopathic? - ANSWER-unknown cause
what is iatrogenic? - ANSWER-caused by medical treatment
what is a risk factor? - ANSWER-increases likelihood of disease
what is the latent period? - ANSWER-time of exposure to first appearance of S/S
what is prodromal period? - ANSWER-first S/S appear
what is subclinical stage? - ANSWER-patient functions normally although disease is established
what is acute clinical course? - ANSWER-severe symptoms for short period of time
what is chronic clincal course? - ANSWER-less severe symptoms for longer period of time
what is exacerbation? - ANSWER-sudden increase in disease severity
what is remission? - ANSWER-decreased severity of S/S
what is convalesence? - ANSWER-recovery
what is sensitivity? - ANSWER-true positive to rule out disease
what is specificity? - ANSWER-true negative to rule in disease
what is homeostasis? - ANSWER-state of balance
what is allostasis? - ANSWER-mechanisms to maintain homeostasis
what is general adaptation syndrome? - ANSWER-stages of allostasis mechanisms (alarm, resistance,
exhaustion)
what do catecholamines do? - ANSWER-mediate fight or flight response by releasing epineprhine
what does epinephrine do? - ANSWER-increases HR, BP, bronchodilation, and releases glucose
what does norepinephrine do? - ANSWER-increases HR, BP, contractility, bronchodilation,
glyconeogenesis
what does alpha receptor do? - ANSWER-constricts vessels and increases BP
what does beta 1 do? - ANSWER-increases contractility, HR, and CO
what does beta 2 do? - ANSWER-bronchodilation
what does cortisol do? - ANSWER-causes gluconeogenesis and is anti-inflammatory
what does aldosterone do? - ANSWER-retains Na+ and water to increase BP
what is allostatic overload? - ANSWER-exhaustion when there is too much stress and body cannot return
back to homeostasis
what is ischemia? - ANSWER-lack of blood flow
what is hypoxia? - ANSWER-lack of oxygen
ischemia can lead to what? how? - ANSWER-lactic acidosis; low O2 means glucose does not get
metabolized so lactate increases and the pH drops
what are the reversible cell injuries? - ANSWER-hydropic swelling, lactic acidosis, intracellular
accumulation
what cellular adaptations are reversible at tissue level? - ANSWER-atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia,
metaplasia, and dysplasia
what are irreversible cell injuries? - ANSWER-necrosis, apoptosis, and anaplasia
what are irreversible tissue injury? - ANSWER-gangrene
how does radiation injure cells? - ANSWER-uses radiolysis by damaging DNA to cause apoptosis
what is tumor grading? - ANSWER-evaluates anaplasia
what is tumor staging? - ANSWER-evaluates metastasis using TNM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
what is etiology? - ANSWER-study of cause of disease
what is pathogenesis? - ANSWER-development of disease
what are clinical manifestations? - ANSWER-signs and symptoms
what is idiopathic? - ANSWER-unknown cause
what is iatrogenic? - ANSWER-caused by medical treatment
what is a risk factor? - ANSWER-increases likelihood of disease
what is the latent period? - ANSWER-time of exposure to first appearance of S/S
what is prodromal period? - ANSWER-first S/S appear
what is subclinical stage? - ANSWER-patient functions normally although disease is established
what is acute clinical course? - ANSWER-severe symptoms for short period of time
what is chronic clincal course? - ANSWER-less severe symptoms for longer period of time
what is exacerbation? - ANSWER-sudden increase in disease severity
what is remission? - ANSWER-decreased severity of S/S
what is convalesence? - ANSWER-recovery
what is sensitivity? - ANSWER-true positive to rule out disease
what is specificity? - ANSWER-true negative to rule in disease
what is homeostasis? - ANSWER-state of balance
what is allostasis? - ANSWER-mechanisms to maintain homeostasis
what is general adaptation syndrome? - ANSWER-stages of allostasis mechanisms (alarm, resistance,
exhaustion)
what do catecholamines do? - ANSWER-mediate fight or flight response by releasing epineprhine
what does epinephrine do? - ANSWER-increases HR, BP, bronchodilation, and releases glucose
what does norepinephrine do? - ANSWER-increases HR, BP, contractility, bronchodilation,
glyconeogenesis
what does alpha receptor do? - ANSWER-constricts vessels and increases BP
what does beta 1 do? - ANSWER-increases contractility, HR, and CO
what does beta 2 do? - ANSWER-bronchodilation
what does cortisol do? - ANSWER-causes gluconeogenesis and is anti-inflammatory
what does aldosterone do? - ANSWER-retains Na+ and water to increase BP
what is allostatic overload? - ANSWER-exhaustion when there is too much stress and body cannot return
back to homeostasis
what is ischemia? - ANSWER-lack of blood flow
what is hypoxia? - ANSWER-lack of oxygen
ischemia can lead to what? how? - ANSWER-lactic acidosis; low O2 means glucose does not get
metabolized so lactate increases and the pH drops
what are the reversible cell injuries? - ANSWER-hydropic swelling, lactic acidosis, intracellular
accumulation
what cellular adaptations are reversible at tissue level? - ANSWER-atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia,
metaplasia, and dysplasia
what are irreversible cell injuries? - ANSWER-necrosis, apoptosis, and anaplasia
what are irreversible tissue injury? - ANSWER-gangrene
how does radiation injure cells? - ANSWER-uses radiolysis by damaging DNA to cause apoptosis
what is tumor grading? - ANSWER-evaluates anaplasia
what is tumor staging? - ANSWER-evaluates metastasis using TNM
