Biology final exam living systems
questions and answers
cell divisions are called_____ and do not go through G1 or G2 phases in the cell
growth cycle. therefore, they split but do not grow - ANSWER-cleavages
stem cells - ANSWER-basic cells, unspecialized, but have the ability to form any cell
cell differentiation - ANSWER-process of stem cells dividing into two daughter cells,
one new stem cell, and one differentiated cell
totipotet - ANSWER-total package, a stem cell that can form ANY new cell, and
embryonic as well, UNLIMITED!!!!!
pluripotent - ANSWER-all cells except for , somewhat limited
putipotent - ANSWER-multiple different specific cells, more limited
unipotent - ANSWER-sex cells, only make one type of cell, very limited
Pattern formation - ANSWER-systematic gene expression dictates body plan, and
differential expression patterns indicate various parts.
Hox Genes
Hox Genes - ANSWER-protein product is transcription factor
position on the chromosome usually coincides w/position
morphogenesis - ANSWER-cell growth, division, migration, apoptosis, and changes
in cell shape
________ _______ can be reversed; resetting gene expression - ANSWER-cell
differentiation
Nuclear Reprogramming - ANSWER-differentiated cell --> undifferentiated stem cell
state
Epigenetic Changes - ANSWER-chemical modifications to influence gene
expression without altering the DNA itself
Somatic cell Nuclear Transfer - ANSWER-nucleus of a differntatd clel implanted into
egg cell, and transcription factors reprogram the differentiated nucleus, resulting in
viable cells
Differentiated cell and stem cell fusion, cell to cell fusion - ANSWER-diff cell+stem
cell+tfactors= nonvble 4ncell, but resulting cell contains double amount of DNA
questions and answers
cell divisions are called_____ and do not go through G1 or G2 phases in the cell
growth cycle. therefore, they split but do not grow - ANSWER-cleavages
stem cells - ANSWER-basic cells, unspecialized, but have the ability to form any cell
cell differentiation - ANSWER-process of stem cells dividing into two daughter cells,
one new stem cell, and one differentiated cell
totipotet - ANSWER-total package, a stem cell that can form ANY new cell, and
embryonic as well, UNLIMITED!!!!!
pluripotent - ANSWER-all cells except for , somewhat limited
putipotent - ANSWER-multiple different specific cells, more limited
unipotent - ANSWER-sex cells, only make one type of cell, very limited
Pattern formation - ANSWER-systematic gene expression dictates body plan, and
differential expression patterns indicate various parts.
Hox Genes
Hox Genes - ANSWER-protein product is transcription factor
position on the chromosome usually coincides w/position
morphogenesis - ANSWER-cell growth, division, migration, apoptosis, and changes
in cell shape
________ _______ can be reversed; resetting gene expression - ANSWER-cell
differentiation
Nuclear Reprogramming - ANSWER-differentiated cell --> undifferentiated stem cell
state
Epigenetic Changes - ANSWER-chemical modifications to influence gene
expression without altering the DNA itself
Somatic cell Nuclear Transfer - ANSWER-nucleus of a differntatd clel implanted into
egg cell, and transcription factors reprogram the differentiated nucleus, resulting in
viable cells
Differentiated cell and stem cell fusion, cell to cell fusion - ANSWER-diff cell+stem
cell+tfactors= nonvble 4ncell, but resulting cell contains double amount of DNA
