PSYC62 Exam (Lec 7-12) 180 ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (A+ GUIDE
SOLUTION) NEWEST 2025/2026
How are psychostimulants administered? - AnswerPrefer routes of rapid drug
absorption --> Inhalation> Intravenous> Insufflation
Biotranformation of psychostimulants - AnswerLiver enzyme converts
Methamphetamine to amphetamine
What is the active metabolite produced from a cathinone (psychostimulant) -
AnswerNOREPHEDRINE
What active drug is produced if it is mixed (cocaine + Alcohol) - AnswerCocaethylene
What are the elimination rates of psychostimulants - AnswerAmphetamine --> 10 hour
half life
Cocaine --> 1 hour half life
How does Amphetamines exert its effects - AnswerIncreases levels of dopamine and
norepinephrine
What kind of agonist is an amphetamine - AnswerFull agonist to TAAR1
What does methylphenidate do - AnswerBlock reuptake of dopamine and
norepinephrine by neurons
What is microdialysis - AnswerSampling technique used for continuous measurement
of free, unbound endogenous molecules or exogenous compounds
What is perfusate - AnswerAqueous solution that closely resembles the (ionic)
composition of the surrounding tissue fluid
How does cocaine affect neurotransmitters - AnswerAction involves prevention of
monoamine reuptake by blocking the membrane transporters for dopamine
What is cocaine active metabolite - AnswerCocaethylene (alcohol + cocaine) acts as
dopamine reuptake inhibitor
What is CART - AnswerCocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript
, Function of CART - AnswerA peptide neurotransmitter that is produced after
psychostimulant administration and plays a role in reward, feeding and stress
What are the physiological effects of psychostimlants - AnswerIncrease heart rate,
Constricts blood vessels, relaxes airways, dilates pupils, inhibits salivation, inhibits
digestion
What are teh behavioral effects of psychostimulants - Answerincrease both purposeful
behavior (goal directed) and purposeless behavior (non-goal-directed behavior)
What are the subjective effects of psychostimulants - AnswerIncreased energy,
alertness, a sense of well-being, enthusiasm and other positive emotional effects
Sensitization of psychostimulants - AnswerTends to occur for purposeless behavior
Tolerance of psychostimulants - AnswerOccurs to the positive subjective effects of
psychostimulants
What is the treatments of psychostimulant addiction - AnswerAbstinence and relapse
Modafinil --> mild psychostimulant effects
Different forms of nicotine - AnswerCigarette (1-2mg)
Cigars --> rightly rolled bundle of dried tobacco leaves wrapped in a leaf
Smokeless tobacco (Chew) --> Products consist of any tobacco form intended for
absorption in the mouth
E-cigs (vapes) --> electronic nicotine vaporizers
How is nicotine absorbed - AnswerThrough Tar --> particulate matter produced from
burning tobacco, adheres to tissues in the mouth, nose, throat and is fully inhaled in the
lungs
Can nicotine go through the mucous membranes in the mouth? - AnswerYES -->
greatest amount of freebase nicotine that can be absorbed = 50%
What is the peak absorption of Nicotine - AnswerCigarettes --> approx 7 mins
E-cigs/vapes --> approx 30 mins
Nicotine on the BBB - AnswerCan pass through the BBB
What metabolizes nicotine - AnswerCYP-2A6 (liver) enzymes metabolize 80-90% of
nicotine
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (A+ GUIDE
SOLUTION) NEWEST 2025/2026
How are psychostimulants administered? - AnswerPrefer routes of rapid drug
absorption --> Inhalation> Intravenous> Insufflation
Biotranformation of psychostimulants - AnswerLiver enzyme converts
Methamphetamine to amphetamine
What is the active metabolite produced from a cathinone (psychostimulant) -
AnswerNOREPHEDRINE
What active drug is produced if it is mixed (cocaine + Alcohol) - AnswerCocaethylene
What are the elimination rates of psychostimulants - AnswerAmphetamine --> 10 hour
half life
Cocaine --> 1 hour half life
How does Amphetamines exert its effects - AnswerIncreases levels of dopamine and
norepinephrine
What kind of agonist is an amphetamine - AnswerFull agonist to TAAR1
What does methylphenidate do - AnswerBlock reuptake of dopamine and
norepinephrine by neurons
What is microdialysis - AnswerSampling technique used for continuous measurement
of free, unbound endogenous molecules or exogenous compounds
What is perfusate - AnswerAqueous solution that closely resembles the (ionic)
composition of the surrounding tissue fluid
How does cocaine affect neurotransmitters - AnswerAction involves prevention of
monoamine reuptake by blocking the membrane transporters for dopamine
What is cocaine active metabolite - AnswerCocaethylene (alcohol + cocaine) acts as
dopamine reuptake inhibitor
What is CART - AnswerCocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript
, Function of CART - AnswerA peptide neurotransmitter that is produced after
psychostimulant administration and plays a role in reward, feeding and stress
What are the physiological effects of psychostimlants - AnswerIncrease heart rate,
Constricts blood vessels, relaxes airways, dilates pupils, inhibits salivation, inhibits
digestion
What are teh behavioral effects of psychostimulants - Answerincrease both purposeful
behavior (goal directed) and purposeless behavior (non-goal-directed behavior)
What are the subjective effects of psychostimulants - AnswerIncreased energy,
alertness, a sense of well-being, enthusiasm and other positive emotional effects
Sensitization of psychostimulants - AnswerTends to occur for purposeless behavior
Tolerance of psychostimulants - AnswerOccurs to the positive subjective effects of
psychostimulants
What is the treatments of psychostimulant addiction - AnswerAbstinence and relapse
Modafinil --> mild psychostimulant effects
Different forms of nicotine - AnswerCigarette (1-2mg)
Cigars --> rightly rolled bundle of dried tobacco leaves wrapped in a leaf
Smokeless tobacco (Chew) --> Products consist of any tobacco form intended for
absorption in the mouth
E-cigs (vapes) --> electronic nicotine vaporizers
How is nicotine absorbed - AnswerThrough Tar --> particulate matter produced from
burning tobacco, adheres to tissues in the mouth, nose, throat and is fully inhaled in the
lungs
Can nicotine go through the mucous membranes in the mouth? - AnswerYES -->
greatest amount of freebase nicotine that can be absorbed = 50%
What is the peak absorption of Nicotine - AnswerCigarettes --> approx 7 mins
E-cigs/vapes --> approx 30 mins
Nicotine on the BBB - AnswerCan pass through the BBB
What metabolizes nicotine - AnswerCYP-2A6 (liver) enzymes metabolize 80-90% of
nicotine
