BHSC 1200 MIDTERM 1QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Define anatomy and physiology - answers :anatomy: science of body structures and the
relationships among them
Physiology: science of body function
Describe the structural organization of the human body from simplest to most complex -
answers :1) chemical: atoms and molecules
2) cellular: molecules combine to form cells
3) tissue: groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to
perform a particular function
4) organ: structures composed of two or more different types of tissues; have specific
functions and recognizable shapes
5) system: related organs with a common function
6) organismal: all parts of the human body functioning together
Define homeostasis - answers :-maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body's
internal environment
-maintains volume and composition of body fluids
Define homeostatic feedback system - answers :cycle of events in which the status of a
body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on
Describe components of homeostatic feedback system - answers :1) receptor: body
structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control
centre
2) control centre: sets the set point within which a controlled condition should be
maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, & generates output
commands when they are needed
3) effector: body structure that received output from the control centre and produces a
response or effect that changes the controlled conditions
Describe and provide an example of a negative feedback system - answers :-the
response of the effector negates the stimulus; body is brought back into homeostasis;
normal range is achieved; leads to stability
Ex/ regulation of blood pressure:
Stimulus disrupts homeostasis by increasing controlled condition (blood pressure).
Receptor (baroreceptors) send input (nerve impulse) to control centre (brain). Brain
sends output (nerve impulse) to effector (heart and blood vessels) . A response (lower
heart rate and dilate blood vessels) occurs which brings blood pressure back to normal
range
, Describe and provide an example of a positive feedback system - answers :-the
response of the effector increases/reinforces change of the stimulus
-body is moved away from homeostasis
-normal range is lost
-used to speed up processes
-leads to instability because output becomes progressively stronger as it is fed back and
reamplified
Ex/ contractions during childbirth:
Stimulus (contractions of uterine wall forcing baby's head into cervix) increases the
controlled condition (stretching of cervix). Receptors (stretch-sensitive nerve cells in
cervix) send input (nerve impulse) to the control centre (brain). Brain sends output
(oxytocin) to effectors (muscles in uterine wall contract) causing a response (body
stretches cervix more). Response increases stimulus until cycle is interrupted (baby is
born)
Describe anatomical position - answers :-standing erect
-head level, eyes forward
-lower limbs are parallel, feet flat on floor and toes facing forward
-upper limbs are at the sides, palms facing forward
Superior/inferior - answers :superior: toward the head or upper part of a structure
Inferior: away from the head or lower part of a structure
Anterior/posterior - answers :anterior: nearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior: nearer to or at the back of the body
Medial/lateral - answers :medial: nearer to the midline
Lateral: farther from the midline
Ipsilateral/contralateral - answers :ipsilateral: on the same side of the body as another
structure
Contralateral: on the opposite side of the body as another structure
Proximal/distal - answers :proximal: nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Distal: farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Superficial/deep - answers :superficial: toward or on the surface of the skin
Deep: away from the surface of the body
Define anatomy and physiology - answers :anatomy: science of body structures and the
relationships among them
Physiology: science of body function
Describe the structural organization of the human body from simplest to most complex -
answers :1) chemical: atoms and molecules
2) cellular: molecules combine to form cells
3) tissue: groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to
perform a particular function
4) organ: structures composed of two or more different types of tissues; have specific
functions and recognizable shapes
5) system: related organs with a common function
6) organismal: all parts of the human body functioning together
Define homeostasis - answers :-maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body's
internal environment
-maintains volume and composition of body fluids
Define homeostatic feedback system - answers :cycle of events in which the status of a
body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on
Describe components of homeostatic feedback system - answers :1) receptor: body
structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control
centre
2) control centre: sets the set point within which a controlled condition should be
maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, & generates output
commands when they are needed
3) effector: body structure that received output from the control centre and produces a
response or effect that changes the controlled conditions
Describe and provide an example of a negative feedback system - answers :-the
response of the effector negates the stimulus; body is brought back into homeostasis;
normal range is achieved; leads to stability
Ex/ regulation of blood pressure:
Stimulus disrupts homeostasis by increasing controlled condition (blood pressure).
Receptor (baroreceptors) send input (nerve impulse) to control centre (brain). Brain
sends output (nerve impulse) to effector (heart and blood vessels) . A response (lower
heart rate and dilate blood vessels) occurs which brings blood pressure back to normal
range
, Describe and provide an example of a positive feedback system - answers :-the
response of the effector increases/reinforces change of the stimulus
-body is moved away from homeostasis
-normal range is lost
-used to speed up processes
-leads to instability because output becomes progressively stronger as it is fed back and
reamplified
Ex/ contractions during childbirth:
Stimulus (contractions of uterine wall forcing baby's head into cervix) increases the
controlled condition (stretching of cervix). Receptors (stretch-sensitive nerve cells in
cervix) send input (nerve impulse) to the control centre (brain). Brain sends output
(oxytocin) to effectors (muscles in uterine wall contract) causing a response (body
stretches cervix more). Response increases stimulus until cycle is interrupted (baby is
born)
Describe anatomical position - answers :-standing erect
-head level, eyes forward
-lower limbs are parallel, feet flat on floor and toes facing forward
-upper limbs are at the sides, palms facing forward
Superior/inferior - answers :superior: toward the head or upper part of a structure
Inferior: away from the head or lower part of a structure
Anterior/posterior - answers :anterior: nearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior: nearer to or at the back of the body
Medial/lateral - answers :medial: nearer to the midline
Lateral: farther from the midline
Ipsilateral/contralateral - answers :ipsilateral: on the same side of the body as another
structure
Contralateral: on the opposite side of the body as another structure
Proximal/distal - answers :proximal: nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Distal: farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Superficial/deep - answers :superficial: toward or on the surface of the skin
Deep: away from the surface of the body
