CHSE Exam ACTUAL Exam Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Behaviorist Learning Theory (definition, primary assumption, other assumptions, and
drawbacks) - CORRECT ANSWER - o People's behaviors are largely shaped by
experiences with environmental stimuli
-Stimulus response is the basis for learning
-Positive reinforcement is used to encourage acceptable behavior
o Conditional (classical vs. operant)
o Primary assumption: behavior is shaped by interaction with the environment
o Other assumptions
§ (1) learning is a change in behavior
§ (2) stimuli and responses are observable events
§ (3) these 2 events need to be close to each other so that there is a relationship established
§ (4) many animal species including humans learn in a similar fashion.
§ In essence, the conditioned behavior is evidence of learning. Learning is shaped by others.
o Drawbacks: not all learning is exhibited by behavior and this theory does not address intrinsic
motivation.
Pragmatism - CORRECT ANSWER - -ideas can be tested scientifically
Progressivism - CORRECT ANSWER - -school mimics society
-real life curriculum and problem solving exercises
-learner have choices on what to learn
-learner centered
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER - Classical Conditioning: the
response it elicited; it is involuntary. The learner is passive. Reinforcement comes before the
response. The manipulation of a stimulus which produces a response.
,Operant Conditioning: the response is emitted; given voluntarily. The learner is active- making
choices. Reinforcement comes after the response. A behavior that is shaped by reward or
punishment.
Cognitive Learning Theory (definition, information processing, memory, ecoding/schema) -
CORRECT ANSWER - o Learning is developmental
o Individual actively construct understanding:
§ people learn new information more easily when they can relate it to something they already
know, and people learn several pieces of new information more easily when they can relate the
pieces to an overall organizational structure.
o Information processing
-Describes how information is received, stored, and processed in the mind
-Learning is a function of the brain
§ people are selective about what they notice and learn (what they think is important), and
meaning is constructed by the learner and not by the environment.
o Memory: ability to mentally save information that is learned. A process of sensory input that
goes short to long term
§ sensory register
· component of memory that holds incoming information (unencoded). It has a large capacity but
does not last long.
§ Information that is deemed important by paying it attention is moved into working or short-
term memory. Only a small amount of information makes it into working memory. New
information in working memory is then associated with existing information in long-term
memory and when this occurs, the new information moves into long-term memory
o Encoding/schema
§ Storage is putting what is learned into memory
§ Encoding is the unique way a person stores information they receive as special meanings and
interpretations are assigned to the words.
§ Related information is stored as schema.
,Constructive Learning Theory - CORRECT ANSWER - -Piaget, Vygotsky
-One of the cognitive theories focusing on the ways people construct knowledge
-Active learning theory
-Learning builds on previous experience (experiences of pas guide learners in present, as our
understanding of the world is based on experiences with physical and social environments)
-Learning is actively constructed through interaction with environment, rather than absorbed
from experiences
-Marked by reflection
-Learner focused
Social Learning Theory - CORRECT ANSWER - -Bandura
-Role modeling behavior for learners is important
-Takes into account an interaction between cognition, behavior and the environment of the
learner.
Adult Learning Theory - CORRECT ANSWER - -Adults bring prior experiences and
biases to current learning experiences
-Self-directed learners
-Differentiates learning in childhood(Pedagogy) from learning in adulthood (Andragogy)
-Supports constructivism bc it builds on learners previous experience
-One of the characteristics of adult learning, and the key difference between child and adult
learning, is that adults are more motivated to learn and this motivation is more intrinsic than
extrinsic.
Directive feedback - CORRECT ANSWER - Informs the learner of what needs to be
corrected
Kneebone's 4 criteria to critically evaluate quality simulations - CORRECT ANSWER - 1.
Deliberate practice within safe environment
, 2. Access to expert tutors
3. Map to real-clinical experience
4. Supportive and learner centered
Energy gaps - CORRECT ANSWER - Opportunity for discontinuity in discussion as one
participant is removed from the discussion. Avoided by sitting next to each other
Facilitative feedback - CORRECT ANSWER - Involves the provisions of comments and
suggestions to facilitate learners in their own revision
Adult vs child learning differences - CORRECT ANSWER - o Other differences from
childhood learning include
§ (1) the need to know why something needs to be learned
§ (2) adults are responsible for their learning
§ (3) adults bring experiences and they expect these experiences to be respected
§ (4) adults have a readiness to learn
§ (5) adults recognized that learning will help them now and in the future.
o Adults need learning goals and activities that are relevant to their interests.
o They also like some control in their learning environment.
o The need of accomplishment is more pronounced which ties in to motivation.
Experiential Learning Theory - CORRECT ANSWER - -Kolb
-Requires active engagement; practice by doing.
-Form of constructivism
-Four main concepts: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization,
active experimentation
o Simulation offers the opportunity to put theory into practice by doing
o Simulation offers the opportunity to learn through constructed experiences, reflecting upon
those experiences, gaining insights, and putting insights into practice. This cycle is continuous.
CORRECT Answers
Behaviorist Learning Theory (definition, primary assumption, other assumptions, and
drawbacks) - CORRECT ANSWER - o People's behaviors are largely shaped by
experiences with environmental stimuli
-Stimulus response is the basis for learning
-Positive reinforcement is used to encourage acceptable behavior
o Conditional (classical vs. operant)
o Primary assumption: behavior is shaped by interaction with the environment
o Other assumptions
§ (1) learning is a change in behavior
§ (2) stimuli and responses are observable events
§ (3) these 2 events need to be close to each other so that there is a relationship established
§ (4) many animal species including humans learn in a similar fashion.
§ In essence, the conditioned behavior is evidence of learning. Learning is shaped by others.
o Drawbacks: not all learning is exhibited by behavior and this theory does not address intrinsic
motivation.
Pragmatism - CORRECT ANSWER - -ideas can be tested scientifically
Progressivism - CORRECT ANSWER - -school mimics society
-real life curriculum and problem solving exercises
-learner have choices on what to learn
-learner centered
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER - Classical Conditioning: the
response it elicited; it is involuntary. The learner is passive. Reinforcement comes before the
response. The manipulation of a stimulus which produces a response.
,Operant Conditioning: the response is emitted; given voluntarily. The learner is active- making
choices. Reinforcement comes after the response. A behavior that is shaped by reward or
punishment.
Cognitive Learning Theory (definition, information processing, memory, ecoding/schema) -
CORRECT ANSWER - o Learning is developmental
o Individual actively construct understanding:
§ people learn new information more easily when they can relate it to something they already
know, and people learn several pieces of new information more easily when they can relate the
pieces to an overall organizational structure.
o Information processing
-Describes how information is received, stored, and processed in the mind
-Learning is a function of the brain
§ people are selective about what they notice and learn (what they think is important), and
meaning is constructed by the learner and not by the environment.
o Memory: ability to mentally save information that is learned. A process of sensory input that
goes short to long term
§ sensory register
· component of memory that holds incoming information (unencoded). It has a large capacity but
does not last long.
§ Information that is deemed important by paying it attention is moved into working or short-
term memory. Only a small amount of information makes it into working memory. New
information in working memory is then associated with existing information in long-term
memory and when this occurs, the new information moves into long-term memory
o Encoding/schema
§ Storage is putting what is learned into memory
§ Encoding is the unique way a person stores information they receive as special meanings and
interpretations are assigned to the words.
§ Related information is stored as schema.
,Constructive Learning Theory - CORRECT ANSWER - -Piaget, Vygotsky
-One of the cognitive theories focusing on the ways people construct knowledge
-Active learning theory
-Learning builds on previous experience (experiences of pas guide learners in present, as our
understanding of the world is based on experiences with physical and social environments)
-Learning is actively constructed through interaction with environment, rather than absorbed
from experiences
-Marked by reflection
-Learner focused
Social Learning Theory - CORRECT ANSWER - -Bandura
-Role modeling behavior for learners is important
-Takes into account an interaction between cognition, behavior and the environment of the
learner.
Adult Learning Theory - CORRECT ANSWER - -Adults bring prior experiences and
biases to current learning experiences
-Self-directed learners
-Differentiates learning in childhood(Pedagogy) from learning in adulthood (Andragogy)
-Supports constructivism bc it builds on learners previous experience
-One of the characteristics of adult learning, and the key difference between child and adult
learning, is that adults are more motivated to learn and this motivation is more intrinsic than
extrinsic.
Directive feedback - CORRECT ANSWER - Informs the learner of what needs to be
corrected
Kneebone's 4 criteria to critically evaluate quality simulations - CORRECT ANSWER - 1.
Deliberate practice within safe environment
, 2. Access to expert tutors
3. Map to real-clinical experience
4. Supportive and learner centered
Energy gaps - CORRECT ANSWER - Opportunity for discontinuity in discussion as one
participant is removed from the discussion. Avoided by sitting next to each other
Facilitative feedback - CORRECT ANSWER - Involves the provisions of comments and
suggestions to facilitate learners in their own revision
Adult vs child learning differences - CORRECT ANSWER - o Other differences from
childhood learning include
§ (1) the need to know why something needs to be learned
§ (2) adults are responsible for their learning
§ (3) adults bring experiences and they expect these experiences to be respected
§ (4) adults have a readiness to learn
§ (5) adults recognized that learning will help them now and in the future.
o Adults need learning goals and activities that are relevant to their interests.
o They also like some control in their learning environment.
o The need of accomplishment is more pronounced which ties in to motivation.
Experiential Learning Theory - CORRECT ANSWER - -Kolb
-Requires active engagement; practice by doing.
-Form of constructivism
-Four main concepts: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization,
active experimentation
o Simulation offers the opportunity to put theory into practice by doing
o Simulation offers the opportunity to learn through constructed experiences, reflecting upon
those experiences, gaining insights, and putting insights into practice. This cycle is continuous.
