Algorithm - a rule that, if applied appropriately, guarantees a solution to a Self-actualization - a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their
problem highest potential in their own unique way
Heuristic - a thinking strategy that may lead us to a solution to a problem or Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) - a test consisting of a series of pictures
decision but - unlike algorithms - may sometimes led to errors about which a person is asked to write a story; the stories are then used to
Availability heuristic - when we rely on this, we judge the draw inferences about the writer’s personality characteristics
likelihood of an event occurring on the basis of how easily we can bring to Projective Personality Test (PPT) - people are shown an ambiguous, vague
mind examples of said event; we assume that events we remember easily to stimulus and are asked to describe it or tell a story about it in order to infer
happen again as opposed to events that are harder to remember information about their personality
Representativeness heuristic - making judgements based on Rorschach Test - designed by psychiatrist Herman Rorschach, this test consists
similarity to a known concept (if it walks and quacks like a duck…) of showing someone a series of symmetrical stimuli and asking them what the
Functional fixedness - the tendency to think of an object only in terms of the figure means. Responses are recorded and matched to a personality category
way it is most frequently or typically used set
Mental set - the tendency to solve problems in a certain way, based on past Theories of emotions
experience, thereby hindering one’s ability to come up with other solutions James Lange Theory - James and Lange proposed the idea that we
Units of speech: Phonology - the study of phonemes (the smallest basic unit of experience emotions as a result of psychological changes that produce specific
speech that affect meaning, and the way we use those sounds to form words sensations, the brain interprets these as emotions
and produce meaning) Cannon Bard Theory - rejects the view that psychological arousal
Basic emotions - happiness, anger, fear, disgust, sadness alone leads to a perception of emotion; this theory suggests that psychological
Motivation - the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and arousal and the emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same
other organisms nerve stimulus, which supposedly comes from the thalamus of the brain
Instinct - inborn patterns of behavior that are genetically determined rather Schachter Singer Theory - we identify the emotion we are
than learned experiencing by observing our environment and comparing ourselves to others
Instinct Approaches to Motivation - the explanation of motivation that suggests Gender - the perception of being male or female
people and animals are born preprogrammed with sets of behaviors essential Gender differences = A viewpoint proposed by psychologist Carol Gilligan
to their survival suggesting that men and women view moral behavior differently because of
Cognitive Approaches to Motivation - suggests that motivation is the outcome their unique social experiences
of people’s thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals - Men view morality primarily in terms of broad principles such as
Drive-Reduction Approaches to Motivation - theories suggesting that a lack of justice and fairness
some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that - Women view morality in terms of responsibility towards
need individuals and willingness to make sacrifices to help a specific
Intrinsic Motivation - causes us to participate in an activity for individual within the context of a particular relationship
our own enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete reward that it will Gender roles - the set of expectations, defined by a particular
bring us society, that indicate what is appropriate behavior for men and women
Extrinsic motivation - causes us to do something for money, a Gender schemas - mental frameworks that organize and guide a
grade, or some other actual, concrete reward child’s understanding of information relevant to gender
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs - suggests that there are five basic needs: Erikson’s Stage Theory of Psychosocial Development
physiological, safety, love & belonging, esteem, self-actualization. Only after Psychosocial Development = development of individual’s interactions and
the more basic needs are fulfilled can a person move toward meeting higher- understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of
order needs themselves as members of society
Primary Needs - biological; food, water, air, pain avoidance, etc. 1. Trust vs. Mistrust Stage
Secondary Needs - derive from primary ones or are inherently - Occurs from birth through 1.5 years of age
psychological - Infants develop feelings of trust or lack of trust depending on how well
- Money, power, achievement caregiver meets their needs
- Impel behavior 2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Stage
- Needs have directionality (toward food, away from pain) - Occurs from ages 1.5 to 3
- Will seek out satisfaction of need - Toddlers develop independence and autonomy if exploration and freedom are
- Variation of needs strengthens over time helps explain changing encouraged
stream of action - Toddlers may also develop shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and
Need for achievement - a person’s desire to strive for and achieve challenging overprotected
accomplishments - With no protection or restriction, they may become rebellious
Need for afÏliation - an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships 3. Initiative vs. Guilt Stage
with other people - Occurs from ages 3 to 6
Need for power - a tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others - Children experience conflict between independence of action and the
and to be seen as a powerful individual sometimes negative results of that action
Needs versus incentives - motives are pushed by needs but also pulled from the - Begin to realize that they can make their own choices, with positive
environment (incentive) reinforcement they will develop skills in tasks and problem solving
- Hunger drives the motive to eat, but so does the food 4. Industry vs. Inferiority Stage
- If there was only the need for food, any food should do - Occurs from ages 6 to 12
problem highest potential in their own unique way
Heuristic - a thinking strategy that may lead us to a solution to a problem or Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) - a test consisting of a series of pictures
decision but - unlike algorithms - may sometimes led to errors about which a person is asked to write a story; the stories are then used to
Availability heuristic - when we rely on this, we judge the draw inferences about the writer’s personality characteristics
likelihood of an event occurring on the basis of how easily we can bring to Projective Personality Test (PPT) - people are shown an ambiguous, vague
mind examples of said event; we assume that events we remember easily to stimulus and are asked to describe it or tell a story about it in order to infer
happen again as opposed to events that are harder to remember information about their personality
Representativeness heuristic - making judgements based on Rorschach Test - designed by psychiatrist Herman Rorschach, this test consists
similarity to a known concept (if it walks and quacks like a duck…) of showing someone a series of symmetrical stimuli and asking them what the
Functional fixedness - the tendency to think of an object only in terms of the figure means. Responses are recorded and matched to a personality category
way it is most frequently or typically used set
Mental set - the tendency to solve problems in a certain way, based on past Theories of emotions
experience, thereby hindering one’s ability to come up with other solutions James Lange Theory - James and Lange proposed the idea that we
Units of speech: Phonology - the study of phonemes (the smallest basic unit of experience emotions as a result of psychological changes that produce specific
speech that affect meaning, and the way we use those sounds to form words sensations, the brain interprets these as emotions
and produce meaning) Cannon Bard Theory - rejects the view that psychological arousal
Basic emotions - happiness, anger, fear, disgust, sadness alone leads to a perception of emotion; this theory suggests that psychological
Motivation - the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and arousal and the emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same
other organisms nerve stimulus, which supposedly comes from the thalamus of the brain
Instinct - inborn patterns of behavior that are genetically determined rather Schachter Singer Theory - we identify the emotion we are
than learned experiencing by observing our environment and comparing ourselves to others
Instinct Approaches to Motivation - the explanation of motivation that suggests Gender - the perception of being male or female
people and animals are born preprogrammed with sets of behaviors essential Gender differences = A viewpoint proposed by psychologist Carol Gilligan
to their survival suggesting that men and women view moral behavior differently because of
Cognitive Approaches to Motivation - suggests that motivation is the outcome their unique social experiences
of people’s thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals - Men view morality primarily in terms of broad principles such as
Drive-Reduction Approaches to Motivation - theories suggesting that a lack of justice and fairness
some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that - Women view morality in terms of responsibility towards
need individuals and willingness to make sacrifices to help a specific
Intrinsic Motivation - causes us to participate in an activity for individual within the context of a particular relationship
our own enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete reward that it will Gender roles - the set of expectations, defined by a particular
bring us society, that indicate what is appropriate behavior for men and women
Extrinsic motivation - causes us to do something for money, a Gender schemas - mental frameworks that organize and guide a
grade, or some other actual, concrete reward child’s understanding of information relevant to gender
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs - suggests that there are five basic needs: Erikson’s Stage Theory of Psychosocial Development
physiological, safety, love & belonging, esteem, self-actualization. Only after Psychosocial Development = development of individual’s interactions and
the more basic needs are fulfilled can a person move toward meeting higher- understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of
order needs themselves as members of society
Primary Needs - biological; food, water, air, pain avoidance, etc. 1. Trust vs. Mistrust Stage
Secondary Needs - derive from primary ones or are inherently - Occurs from birth through 1.5 years of age
psychological - Infants develop feelings of trust or lack of trust depending on how well
- Money, power, achievement caregiver meets their needs
- Impel behavior 2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Stage
- Needs have directionality (toward food, away from pain) - Occurs from ages 1.5 to 3
- Will seek out satisfaction of need - Toddlers develop independence and autonomy if exploration and freedom are
- Variation of needs strengthens over time helps explain changing encouraged
stream of action - Toddlers may also develop shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and
Need for achievement - a person’s desire to strive for and achieve challenging overprotected
accomplishments - With no protection or restriction, they may become rebellious
Need for afÏliation - an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships 3. Initiative vs. Guilt Stage
with other people - Occurs from ages 3 to 6
Need for power - a tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others - Children experience conflict between independence of action and the
and to be seen as a powerful individual sometimes negative results of that action
Needs versus incentives - motives are pushed by needs but also pulled from the - Begin to realize that they can make their own choices, with positive
environment (incentive) reinforcement they will develop skills in tasks and problem solving
- Hunger drives the motive to eat, but so does the food 4. Industry vs. Inferiority Stage
- If there was only the need for food, any food should do - Occurs from ages 6 to 12
