MARYVILLE NURS 611 PATHO 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔What is mitochondria responsible for? - ✔✔cellular respiration, cellular metabolism ,
and energy production
✔✔What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? - ✔✔enzymes of the
respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation that
generates most of the cell's ATP
✔✔The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two
things (2), and metabolizes what three things (3)? - ✔✔1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
✔✔What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic
dearangements? - ✔✔carbs, proteins, and lipids
✔✔What is physiologic atrophy? - ✔✔occurs in early development. ex: thymus glad
during childhood
✔✔What is pathologic atrophy? - ✔✔occurs as a result of decreases in workload, use,
pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal
stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
✔✔what is hypertrophy? - ✔✔increase in cell size
✔✔Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - ✔✔hypertrophy of myocardial cells
from endurance training
✔✔example of pathologic hypertrophy - ✔✔cardiomegaly in a hypertensive patient
✔✔What is hyperplasia? - ✔✔increase in the number of cells
✔✔example of compensatory hyperplasia? - ✔✔regeneration of the liver
✔✔example of pathological hyperplasia - ✔✔endometrial tissue
✔✔example of hormonal hyperplasia - ✔✔enlargement of the uterus during pregnancy
✔✔What is metaplasia? - ✔✔replacement of the cells
, ✔✔example of metaplasia - ✔✔normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial
lining being replaced by squamous cells. can be reversed if irritant stopped
✔✔cellular metabolism- what molecule gives us energy? - ✔✔ATP functions as the
energy-transferring molecule
✔✔During ischemia, what effect does the loss of ATP have on the cells? - ✔✔a
reduction of ATP levels (ATP needs oxygen) that causes the Na+/K+ pump and Na+/Ca
exchange to fail, leading to intracellular accumulation of Sodium and calcium and
diffusion of K+ out of the cell . Sodium and water can enter cell freely causing cellular
swelling
✔✔What is a free radical? - ✔✔A molecule that is unstable and highly reactive because
it contains unpaired electrons. To stabilize, it gives up or takes a electron making it
capable of injurious chemical bond formations with proteins, lipids, or carbs
✔✔what plays a major role in the initiation and progression of disease? - ✔✔free
radicals
✔✔what are the 5 major diseases that are affected by reactive oxygen species and are
known to play a role in initiation and progression? - ✔✔hyperlipidemia, diabetes m.,
hypertension, CHF, and ischemic heart disease
✔✔What is wrong with an unpair electron? - ✔✔causes a chemical imbalance of the cell
membrane, making the molecule unstable
✔✔What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during chemical injury? -
✔✔enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus,
ensues, halting synthesis of DNA and RNA
✔✔What happens when liver enzymes metabolize ethanol into acetaldehyde? -
✔✔hepatic cellular dysfunction.
Peroxisomes help detoxify the liver-if not functioning properly the ethanol is turned into
fat in the liver, "fatty liver"
✔✔What is ionizing radiation (IR)? - ✔✔any form of radiation capable of removing
orbital electrons from atoms.
✔✔What does ionizing radiation result in? - ✔✔the production of negatively charge free
elections and positively charged ionized atoms
✔✔What is ionizing radiation emitted from? - ✔✔x-rays, y-rays, alpha and beta
particles, subatomic particles such as neutrons, deuterons, protons, and pions
WEAR A LEAD APRON
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔What is mitochondria responsible for? - ✔✔cellular respiration, cellular metabolism ,
and energy production
✔✔What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? - ✔✔enzymes of the
respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation that
generates most of the cell's ATP
✔✔The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two
things (2), and metabolizes what three things (3)? - ✔✔1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
✔✔What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic
dearangements? - ✔✔carbs, proteins, and lipids
✔✔What is physiologic atrophy? - ✔✔occurs in early development. ex: thymus glad
during childhood
✔✔What is pathologic atrophy? - ✔✔occurs as a result of decreases in workload, use,
pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal
stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
✔✔what is hypertrophy? - ✔✔increase in cell size
✔✔Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - ✔✔hypertrophy of myocardial cells
from endurance training
✔✔example of pathologic hypertrophy - ✔✔cardiomegaly in a hypertensive patient
✔✔What is hyperplasia? - ✔✔increase in the number of cells
✔✔example of compensatory hyperplasia? - ✔✔regeneration of the liver
✔✔example of pathological hyperplasia - ✔✔endometrial tissue
✔✔example of hormonal hyperplasia - ✔✔enlargement of the uterus during pregnancy
✔✔What is metaplasia? - ✔✔replacement of the cells
, ✔✔example of metaplasia - ✔✔normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial
lining being replaced by squamous cells. can be reversed if irritant stopped
✔✔cellular metabolism- what molecule gives us energy? - ✔✔ATP functions as the
energy-transferring molecule
✔✔During ischemia, what effect does the loss of ATP have on the cells? - ✔✔a
reduction of ATP levels (ATP needs oxygen) that causes the Na+/K+ pump and Na+/Ca
exchange to fail, leading to intracellular accumulation of Sodium and calcium and
diffusion of K+ out of the cell . Sodium and water can enter cell freely causing cellular
swelling
✔✔What is a free radical? - ✔✔A molecule that is unstable and highly reactive because
it contains unpaired electrons. To stabilize, it gives up or takes a electron making it
capable of injurious chemical bond formations with proteins, lipids, or carbs
✔✔what plays a major role in the initiation and progression of disease? - ✔✔free
radicals
✔✔what are the 5 major diseases that are affected by reactive oxygen species and are
known to play a role in initiation and progression? - ✔✔hyperlipidemia, diabetes m.,
hypertension, CHF, and ischemic heart disease
✔✔What is wrong with an unpair electron? - ✔✔causes a chemical imbalance of the cell
membrane, making the molecule unstable
✔✔What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during chemical injury? -
✔✔enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus,
ensues, halting synthesis of DNA and RNA
✔✔What happens when liver enzymes metabolize ethanol into acetaldehyde? -
✔✔hepatic cellular dysfunction.
Peroxisomes help detoxify the liver-if not functioning properly the ethanol is turned into
fat in the liver, "fatty liver"
✔✔What is ionizing radiation (IR)? - ✔✔any form of radiation capable of removing
orbital electrons from atoms.
✔✔What does ionizing radiation result in? - ✔✔the production of negatively charge free
elections and positively charged ionized atoms
✔✔What is ionizing radiation emitted from? - ✔✔x-rays, y-rays, alpha and beta
particles, subatomic particles such as neutrons, deuterons, protons, and pions
WEAR A LEAD APRON
