MARYVILLE NURS 611 ACTUAL EXAM SCRIPT 2025/2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔How are free radicals formed? - ✔✔Having one unpaired electron makes the
molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals
one.
✔✔Free radical species - ✔✔Are capable of injurious chemical bond formation with
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates - key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
✔✔What are the Lysosomes? - ✔✔Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including
the nucleus and nucleolus, halting synthesis of DNA and RNA
✔✔What are peroxisomes? - ✔✔membrane-bound organelles in most Eukaryotic cells,
primarily involved in lipid metabolism and the conversion of reactive oxygen species
such as hydrogen peroxide into safer molecules like water and oxygen
✔✔How does the body metabolize Ethanol - ✔✔Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to
acetaldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes help detoxify
ethanol.
✔✔Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation? - ✔✔DNA
✔✔What is Sarcopenia - ✔✔Muscular atrophy
✔✔What are some example of aging of cell/tissues - ✔✔- Increased peripheral vascular
resistance
- Decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of the stomach
- Decreased immune response
✔✔What are indications of dehydration? - ✔✔Headache, thirst, dry skin, and mucous
membranes, elevated temperature, weight loss, and decreased or concentrated urine.
Skin turgor may be normal or decreased. S/sx of hypovolemia, including tachycardia,
weak pulses, dizziness, and postural hypotension.
✔✔Oncotic pressure - ✔✔A form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably
albumin, in a blood vessel's plasma (blood/liquid) that usually tends to pull water into the
circulatory system.
✔✔What activates osmoreceptors? - ✔✔An increase in osmotic pressure of the plasma
✔✔Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of what? - ✔✔A reduction in plasma
oncotic pressure
, ✔✔Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - ✔✔Produced by the myocardial atria
✔✔Brain natriuretic peptide - ✔✔Produced by the myocardial ventricles
✔✔What are the antagonists of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) -
✔✔Natriuretic Peptides: ANP, BNP, and urodilation with the kidney
✔✔What are the effects of natriuretic peptides? - ✔✔Decrease blood pressure and
increase sodium and water excretion.
✔✔What is the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)? - ✔✔Is a hormone
system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
✔✔How does the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) function? - ✔✔When
renal blood flow is reduced, juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys convert the precursor -
prorenin, already present in the blood into renin and secrete it directly into the
circulation. Plasma renin then carries out the conversion of angiotensinogen, released
by the liver, to angiotensin I.
[2] Angiotensin I is subsequently converted to angiotensin II by the angiotensin-
converting enzyme (ACE) found in the lungs. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictive
peptide that causes blood vessels to narrow, resulting in increased blood pressure.
[3] Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the
adrenal cortex. Aldosterone causes the renal tubules to increase the reabsorption of
sodium and water into the blood, while at the same time causing the excretion of
potassium (to maintain electrolyte balance). This increases the volume of extracellular
fluid in the body, which also increases blood pressure.
✔✔Increased plasma osmolality - ✔✔Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the
perception of thirst are stimulated by __________
✔✔Normal Na+ levels - ✔✔135-145 meq/L
✔✔Clinical manifestations of severe hypernatremia - ✔✔confusion, convulsions,
cerebral hemorrhage, and coma
✔✔Causes of hyponatremia - ✔✔Diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea, kidney failure, liver
failure, to much of hypotonic IV solutions
✔✔Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia - ✔✔headaches, lethargy, confusion, coma.
✔✔What electrolyte is the major determinant of the resting membrane potential
necessary for transmission of nerve impulses? - ✔✔K+
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔How are free radicals formed? - ✔✔Having one unpaired electron makes the
molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals
one.
✔✔Free radical species - ✔✔Are capable of injurious chemical bond formation with
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates - key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
✔✔What are the Lysosomes? - ✔✔Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including
the nucleus and nucleolus, halting synthesis of DNA and RNA
✔✔What are peroxisomes? - ✔✔membrane-bound organelles in most Eukaryotic cells,
primarily involved in lipid metabolism and the conversion of reactive oxygen species
such as hydrogen peroxide into safer molecules like water and oxygen
✔✔How does the body metabolize Ethanol - ✔✔Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to
acetaldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes help detoxify
ethanol.
✔✔Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation? - ✔✔DNA
✔✔What is Sarcopenia - ✔✔Muscular atrophy
✔✔What are some example of aging of cell/tissues - ✔✔- Increased peripheral vascular
resistance
- Decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of the stomach
- Decreased immune response
✔✔What are indications of dehydration? - ✔✔Headache, thirst, dry skin, and mucous
membranes, elevated temperature, weight loss, and decreased or concentrated urine.
Skin turgor may be normal or decreased. S/sx of hypovolemia, including tachycardia,
weak pulses, dizziness, and postural hypotension.
✔✔Oncotic pressure - ✔✔A form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably
albumin, in a blood vessel's plasma (blood/liquid) that usually tends to pull water into the
circulatory system.
✔✔What activates osmoreceptors? - ✔✔An increase in osmotic pressure of the plasma
✔✔Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of what? - ✔✔A reduction in plasma
oncotic pressure
, ✔✔Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - ✔✔Produced by the myocardial atria
✔✔Brain natriuretic peptide - ✔✔Produced by the myocardial ventricles
✔✔What are the antagonists of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) -
✔✔Natriuretic Peptides: ANP, BNP, and urodilation with the kidney
✔✔What are the effects of natriuretic peptides? - ✔✔Decrease blood pressure and
increase sodium and water excretion.
✔✔What is the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)? - ✔✔Is a hormone
system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
✔✔How does the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) function? - ✔✔When
renal blood flow is reduced, juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys convert the precursor -
prorenin, already present in the blood into renin and secrete it directly into the
circulation. Plasma renin then carries out the conversion of angiotensinogen, released
by the liver, to angiotensin I.
[2] Angiotensin I is subsequently converted to angiotensin II by the angiotensin-
converting enzyme (ACE) found in the lungs. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictive
peptide that causes blood vessels to narrow, resulting in increased blood pressure.
[3] Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the
adrenal cortex. Aldosterone causes the renal tubules to increase the reabsorption of
sodium and water into the blood, while at the same time causing the excretion of
potassium (to maintain electrolyte balance). This increases the volume of extracellular
fluid in the body, which also increases blood pressure.
✔✔Increased plasma osmolality - ✔✔Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the
perception of thirst are stimulated by __________
✔✔Normal Na+ levels - ✔✔135-145 meq/L
✔✔Clinical manifestations of severe hypernatremia - ✔✔confusion, convulsions,
cerebral hemorrhage, and coma
✔✔Causes of hyponatremia - ✔✔Diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea, kidney failure, liver
failure, to much of hypotonic IV solutions
✔✔Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia - ✔✔headaches, lethargy, confusion, coma.
✔✔What electrolyte is the major determinant of the resting membrane potential
necessary for transmission of nerve impulses? - ✔✔K+
