BSC 114 Exam 4 Questions with Correct Answers Already Passed
operator - Answers the "switch" is a segment of DNA called ____ usually positioned within the promoter
operon - Answers the entire stretch of DNA that includes the operator, the promoter, and the genes that
they control
repressor - Answers operon can be switched off by a protein
regulatory gene - Answers the repressor is the product of a separate
corepressor - Answers a molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off
inducer - Answers inactivates the repressor to turn the lac operon on
differential gene expression - Answers the expression of different genes by cells with the same genome
histone acetylation - Answers acetyl groups are attached to positively charged lysines in histone tails
DNA methylation - Answers - the addition of methyl groups to certain bases in DNA
- associated with reduced transcription in some species
epigenetic inheritance - Answers the inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly
involving the nucleotide sequence
control elements - Answers segments of noncoding DNA that serve as binding sites for transcription
factors that help regulate transcription
enhancers - Answers - groups of distal control elements
- may be far away from a gene or even located in an intron
cell differentiation - Answers the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function
morphogenesis - Answers the physical processes that give an organism its shape constitute
cytoplasmic determinants - Answers maternal substances in the egg that influence early development
induction - Answers signal molecules from embryonic cells cause transcriptional changes in nearby
target cells
determination - Answers irreversibly commits a cell to its final fate
pattern formation - Answers the development of a spatial organization of tissues and organs
positional information - Answers the molecular cues that control pattern formation, tells a cell its
location relative to the body axes and to neighboring cells
, homeotic genes - Answers control pattern formation in late embryo, larva, and adult stages
embryonic lethals - Answers causing death during embryogenesis
maternal effect genes - Answers encode cytoplasmic determinants that initially establish the axes of the
body of Drosophila
egg-polarity genes - Answers another name maternal effect genes
bicoid - Answers maternal effect gene that affects the front half of the body
morphogens - Answers establish an embryo's axes and other features of its form
oncogenes - Answers cancer-causing genes in some types of viruses
proto-oncogenes - Answers the corresponding normal cellular genes that are responsible for normal cell
growth and division
tumor-suppressor genes - Answers normally help prevent uncontrolled cell growth
ras gene - Answers mutations in this gene can lead to production of a hyperactive Ras protein and
increased cell division
p53 gene - Answers mutations in this gene prevent suppression of the cell cycle
virus - Answers infectious particle consisting of genes packaged in a protein coat
capsid - Answers the protein shell that encloses the viral genome
viral envelopes - Answers surround the capsids of influenza viruses and many other viruses found in
animals
bacteriophages - Answers viruses that infect bacteria
host range - Answers limited number of host cells that it can infect
lytic cycle - Answers phage replicative cycle that culminates in the death of the new host cell
virulent phage - Answers a phage that reproduces only by the lytic cycle
lysogenic cycle - Answers replicates the phage genome without destroying the host
prophage - Answers integrated viral DNA
temperate phages - Answers phages that use both the lytic and lysogenic cycles
retroviruses - Answers use reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA genome into DNA
operator - Answers the "switch" is a segment of DNA called ____ usually positioned within the promoter
operon - Answers the entire stretch of DNA that includes the operator, the promoter, and the genes that
they control
repressor - Answers operon can be switched off by a protein
regulatory gene - Answers the repressor is the product of a separate
corepressor - Answers a molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off
inducer - Answers inactivates the repressor to turn the lac operon on
differential gene expression - Answers the expression of different genes by cells with the same genome
histone acetylation - Answers acetyl groups are attached to positively charged lysines in histone tails
DNA methylation - Answers - the addition of methyl groups to certain bases in DNA
- associated with reduced transcription in some species
epigenetic inheritance - Answers the inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly
involving the nucleotide sequence
control elements - Answers segments of noncoding DNA that serve as binding sites for transcription
factors that help regulate transcription
enhancers - Answers - groups of distal control elements
- may be far away from a gene or even located in an intron
cell differentiation - Answers the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function
morphogenesis - Answers the physical processes that give an organism its shape constitute
cytoplasmic determinants - Answers maternal substances in the egg that influence early development
induction - Answers signal molecules from embryonic cells cause transcriptional changes in nearby
target cells
determination - Answers irreversibly commits a cell to its final fate
pattern formation - Answers the development of a spatial organization of tissues and organs
positional information - Answers the molecular cues that control pattern formation, tells a cell its
location relative to the body axes and to neighboring cells
, homeotic genes - Answers control pattern formation in late embryo, larva, and adult stages
embryonic lethals - Answers causing death during embryogenesis
maternal effect genes - Answers encode cytoplasmic determinants that initially establish the axes of the
body of Drosophila
egg-polarity genes - Answers another name maternal effect genes
bicoid - Answers maternal effect gene that affects the front half of the body
morphogens - Answers establish an embryo's axes and other features of its form
oncogenes - Answers cancer-causing genes in some types of viruses
proto-oncogenes - Answers the corresponding normal cellular genes that are responsible for normal cell
growth and division
tumor-suppressor genes - Answers normally help prevent uncontrolled cell growth
ras gene - Answers mutations in this gene can lead to production of a hyperactive Ras protein and
increased cell division
p53 gene - Answers mutations in this gene prevent suppression of the cell cycle
virus - Answers infectious particle consisting of genes packaged in a protein coat
capsid - Answers the protein shell that encloses the viral genome
viral envelopes - Answers surround the capsids of influenza viruses and many other viruses found in
animals
bacteriophages - Answers viruses that infect bacteria
host range - Answers limited number of host cells that it can infect
lytic cycle - Answers phage replicative cycle that culminates in the death of the new host cell
virulent phage - Answers a phage that reproduces only by the lytic cycle
lysogenic cycle - Answers replicates the phage genome without destroying the host
prophage - Answers integrated viral DNA
temperate phages - Answers phages that use both the lytic and lysogenic cycles
retroviruses - Answers use reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA genome into DNA
