2025 LATEST NR507 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUIZ,
MIDTERM AND FINAL EXAM | COMPREHENSIVE
TEST BANK WITH OVER 500+ ACTUAL QUESTIONS
WITH THEIR CORRECT MARKING SCHEME
ANSWERS. A+ GRADED
Why does pregnancy increase the risk of UTI?
Pregnancy results in increased progesterone which relaxes smooth muscle leading to urine stasis.
Why are post-menopausal individuals at an increased risk of UTI?
Post-menopause results in a lower amount of estrogen resulting in urethral dryness.
What are factors that would make a UTI "complicated"?
infants, older adults, structural abnormalities, indwelling catheter, immunocompromised, males, UTIs
with fever/sepsis, stones
What might the NP need to counsel a sexually active female patient n regarding UTI prevention?
Urinating before and after intercourse, discouraging the use of spermicide, avoid holding urine for long
periods, encourage showers instead of baths, increase water intake
Define a simple UTI
A simple or uncomplicated UTI is in an afebrile non-pregnant immune-competent female patient
,Define an upper UTI and its risks
An upper UTI is in the kidneys, this infection has the potential to move through the renal veins causing
bacteremia which then can lead to septic shock
Define cystitis
Lower UTI with bladder infection
Define pyelonephritis and S/S
infection of the kidney, S/S: vomiting, flank pain, fever
What is the most common bacteria that causes UTI?
Escherichia coli, this usually comes from fecal matter
What abnormal lab values in a urinalysis would indicate UTI? (5)
increased RBCs, increased WBCs, presence of bacteria, presence of large crystals, presence of casts
What is the main difference in UA results between a uncomplicated and a complicated UTI?
In an uncomplicated UTI, the WBC count will be >5,000. In a complicated UTI, the WBC count will be
>100,000. Casts will only be present in complicated UTIs.
,What does the presence of nitrates in a UA indicate?
Positive nitrates indicates gram negative bacteria
True or false, BPH causes cancerous growth.
False.
What is the effect of BPH on the bladder?
BPH can lead to bladder hypertrophy d/t increased bladder contractions as the individual will strain to
urinate d/t constriction of the prostatic urethra.
What are the irritative symptoms of BPH?
Irritative symptoms are related to the storage of urine. Symptoms include: nocturia, frequency, urgency,
bladder pain, urge incontinence
What are the obstructive symptoms of BPH?
Obstructive symptoms are related to voiding. Symptoms include: hesitancy, straining, weak flow,
dribbling, retention, and overflow incontinence
What is the cause of BPH?
Normal cells response to dihydrotestosterone which causes the cells to proliferate and live longer.
, Dihydrotestosterone is a hormone that stimulates the development of male characteristics (an
androgen). It is made through conversion of the more commonly known androgen, testosterone.
What does BPH stand for?
benign prostatic hypertrophy or hyperplasia
What is the pharmacotherapy for BPH?
5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (Finasteride, Proscar) inhibit testosterone from becoming
dihydrotestosterone and therefore shrink the prostate.
What is the function of prostate specific antigen?
PSA is an enzyme that liquifies semen post-ejaculation to allow the sperm to "swim" aka dissolution of
the seminal fluid coagulum
True or false, BPH increases risk of UTI.
True, increases risk of UTI d/t stagnation of urine.
What is the largest zone of the prostate?
Peripheral zone
Which zone of the prostate has the highest risk for development of BPH?
MIDTERM AND FINAL EXAM | COMPREHENSIVE
TEST BANK WITH OVER 500+ ACTUAL QUESTIONS
WITH THEIR CORRECT MARKING SCHEME
ANSWERS. A+ GRADED
Why does pregnancy increase the risk of UTI?
Pregnancy results in increased progesterone which relaxes smooth muscle leading to urine stasis.
Why are post-menopausal individuals at an increased risk of UTI?
Post-menopause results in a lower amount of estrogen resulting in urethral dryness.
What are factors that would make a UTI "complicated"?
infants, older adults, structural abnormalities, indwelling catheter, immunocompromised, males, UTIs
with fever/sepsis, stones
What might the NP need to counsel a sexually active female patient n regarding UTI prevention?
Urinating before and after intercourse, discouraging the use of spermicide, avoid holding urine for long
periods, encourage showers instead of baths, increase water intake
Define a simple UTI
A simple or uncomplicated UTI is in an afebrile non-pregnant immune-competent female patient
,Define an upper UTI and its risks
An upper UTI is in the kidneys, this infection has the potential to move through the renal veins causing
bacteremia which then can lead to septic shock
Define cystitis
Lower UTI with bladder infection
Define pyelonephritis and S/S
infection of the kidney, S/S: vomiting, flank pain, fever
What is the most common bacteria that causes UTI?
Escherichia coli, this usually comes from fecal matter
What abnormal lab values in a urinalysis would indicate UTI? (5)
increased RBCs, increased WBCs, presence of bacteria, presence of large crystals, presence of casts
What is the main difference in UA results between a uncomplicated and a complicated UTI?
In an uncomplicated UTI, the WBC count will be >5,000. In a complicated UTI, the WBC count will be
>100,000. Casts will only be present in complicated UTIs.
,What does the presence of nitrates in a UA indicate?
Positive nitrates indicates gram negative bacteria
True or false, BPH causes cancerous growth.
False.
What is the effect of BPH on the bladder?
BPH can lead to bladder hypertrophy d/t increased bladder contractions as the individual will strain to
urinate d/t constriction of the prostatic urethra.
What are the irritative symptoms of BPH?
Irritative symptoms are related to the storage of urine. Symptoms include: nocturia, frequency, urgency,
bladder pain, urge incontinence
What are the obstructive symptoms of BPH?
Obstructive symptoms are related to voiding. Symptoms include: hesitancy, straining, weak flow,
dribbling, retention, and overflow incontinence
What is the cause of BPH?
Normal cells response to dihydrotestosterone which causes the cells to proliferate and live longer.
, Dihydrotestosterone is a hormone that stimulates the development of male characteristics (an
androgen). It is made through conversion of the more commonly known androgen, testosterone.
What does BPH stand for?
benign prostatic hypertrophy or hyperplasia
What is the pharmacotherapy for BPH?
5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (Finasteride, Proscar) inhibit testosterone from becoming
dihydrotestosterone and therefore shrink the prostate.
What is the function of prostate specific antigen?
PSA is an enzyme that liquifies semen post-ejaculation to allow the sperm to "swim" aka dissolution of
the seminal fluid coagulum
True or false, BPH increases risk of UTI.
True, increases risk of UTI d/t stagnation of urine.
What is the largest zone of the prostate?
Peripheral zone
Which zone of the prostate has the highest risk for development of BPH?
