PSYC 388 INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELLING FINAL
EXAM 2025 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | A+ GRADE
Clarence Hincks - ans -Founded the Canadian Mental health Association (1918)
Trait-And-Factor Counseling - ans -Problem-solving approach to vocational
counselling where students are taught the skills they need to get jobs
STIPS (Prieto and Schaal) - ans -Often used in training
Signs and symtopms
Topics discussed in Counselling
Interventions used
Progress and continuing plan
Special issues of importance
Ethics vs Morality - ans -Ethics: Principles and Standards
Morality: Evaluation or a Judgment
5 Types of Ethical Dilemmas - ans -Confidentiality
Role Conflict
Counsellor Competence
Conflicts with Employer/Institution
Degree of Dangerousness
Fundamental Ethical Principles - ans -Beneficience
Fidelity
,Non-maleficience
Autonomy
Justice
Social Interest
Legal Considerations - ans -Confidentiality
Privacy
Privileged Communication
5 Life Tasks of the Wellness Model - ans -Spirituality
Self-Direction
Work and Leisure
Friendship
Love
Social Justice - ans -justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities,
and privileges within a society.
Rollo May's Wounded Healer - ans -People who have through hurt gained insight
into themselves and the world, and can help others overcome emotional
problems
Lynn Schecter - ans -Worked through 911 and Hurricane Katrina with the help of a
support system
Levels of Helping - ans -Nonprofessional (Friends and Colleagues)
Paraprofessional (Mental Health Technicians)
Professional (Counsellors etc)
Four Models of Attribution - ans -Medical: Cause X Solution X
Counsellor as Expert
, Moral: Cause Y Solution Y
Counsellor as Coach
Compensatory: Cause X Solution Y
Counsellor as Teacher
Enlightenment: Cause Y Solution X
Counsellor as Authority
etic perspective - ans -universal qualities exist in counseling that are culturally
generalizable
emic perspective - ans -Counselling approaches must be culturally specific
Acculturation - ans -the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding
culture
Over-culturalizing - ans -Mistaking reactions to poverty and discrimination for the
cultural pattern
Core competencies of Culturally-Infused Counselling - ans -Cultural Self-
Awareness
Awareness of Client Identities
Culturally sensitive working alliance
The Two Struggles in Building a Counselling Relationship - ans -Struggle for
Structure (Administrative control)
Struggle for Initiative (Client responsibility)
Counsellor wins structure, client wins initiative
Three Key Elements of the Counselling Relationship (Gelso and Carter) - ans -
Transference and Countertransference
The Working Alliance
EXAM 2025 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | A+ GRADE
Clarence Hincks - ans -Founded the Canadian Mental health Association (1918)
Trait-And-Factor Counseling - ans -Problem-solving approach to vocational
counselling where students are taught the skills they need to get jobs
STIPS (Prieto and Schaal) - ans -Often used in training
Signs and symtopms
Topics discussed in Counselling
Interventions used
Progress and continuing plan
Special issues of importance
Ethics vs Morality - ans -Ethics: Principles and Standards
Morality: Evaluation or a Judgment
5 Types of Ethical Dilemmas - ans -Confidentiality
Role Conflict
Counsellor Competence
Conflicts with Employer/Institution
Degree of Dangerousness
Fundamental Ethical Principles - ans -Beneficience
Fidelity
,Non-maleficience
Autonomy
Justice
Social Interest
Legal Considerations - ans -Confidentiality
Privacy
Privileged Communication
5 Life Tasks of the Wellness Model - ans -Spirituality
Self-Direction
Work and Leisure
Friendship
Love
Social Justice - ans -justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities,
and privileges within a society.
Rollo May's Wounded Healer - ans -People who have through hurt gained insight
into themselves and the world, and can help others overcome emotional
problems
Lynn Schecter - ans -Worked through 911 and Hurricane Katrina with the help of a
support system
Levels of Helping - ans -Nonprofessional (Friends and Colleagues)
Paraprofessional (Mental Health Technicians)
Professional (Counsellors etc)
Four Models of Attribution - ans -Medical: Cause X Solution X
Counsellor as Expert
, Moral: Cause Y Solution Y
Counsellor as Coach
Compensatory: Cause X Solution Y
Counsellor as Teacher
Enlightenment: Cause Y Solution X
Counsellor as Authority
etic perspective - ans -universal qualities exist in counseling that are culturally
generalizable
emic perspective - ans -Counselling approaches must be culturally specific
Acculturation - ans -the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding
culture
Over-culturalizing - ans -Mistaking reactions to poverty and discrimination for the
cultural pattern
Core competencies of Culturally-Infused Counselling - ans -Cultural Self-
Awareness
Awareness of Client Identities
Culturally sensitive working alliance
The Two Struggles in Building a Counselling Relationship - ans -Struggle for
Structure (Administrative control)
Struggle for Initiative (Client responsibility)
Counsellor wins structure, client wins initiative
Three Key Elements of the Counselling Relationship (Gelso and Carter) - ans -
Transference and Countertransference
The Working Alliance
