PSY 130 Final EXAM 2 Questions solved
100% Correct (latest update 2025).
Erik Erikson outlined three ways that adolescents could approach identity confusion. Describe
two of these approaches. For each, give one long-term consequence of adopting that approach.
- ✔✔• Identity diffusion Ignores identity confusion. No steps are taken to fix
identity confusion. (I'll think about this later)
o Long term consequence: More at risk for depression/ less mature/ apathetic
• Identity foreclosure Chooses an identity without considering options (I'll be a doctor
because that's what my parents want)
o Long term consequences: Inflexible/ intolerant
Describe the two key dimensions of parenting that we discussed in class. According to
Baumrind's research, which of these dimensions is more important for predicting children's
academic performance? Which predicts delinquency? - ✔✔•Two key dimensions of
parenting are responsiveness and demandingness
•Authoritative parenting predicts academic performance
•Uninvolved parenting predicts delinquency
Family structure has changed substantially on the last several decades. Describe two ways that
modern families look different. For each describe one implication of this change for children's
development. - ✔✔• Older families (parents are waiting to have kids) lots of positives because
parents have more resources and social connections. Parents enjoy parenting.
• Increase divorced parents kids have greater risks of emotional disorders.
,Describe how children's concepts of friendship change as they get older. Be specific about
what friendship looks like at different ages. What is one benefit of friendships? - ✔✔•
Under 2 years old prefer physical proximity with other children (plays side by side).
• 2-4 year olds friends are kids you spend most of your time with.
• Early school years Friends are kids with your same interests and take less work to spend
time with
• Adolescence Friends are loyal and listen to your problems
• Benefit 5th graders with Reciprocated friendships do better in college and have a
higher quality family/social life 15yrs later
In order to determine why children end up with a particular sociometric status, researchers
have conducted play-group studies like the one we watched in class. The results from these
studies have shown that each sociometric status is associated with certain social behaviors.
Choose a sociometric status and describe the types of votes/nominations someone with that
sociometric status receives from peers. Next, describe two social behaviors that are
associated with that status. - ✔✔• Popular lots of positive votes and few negative votes
• They behave well in social situations (social skills)/ athletic ability (better for boys)
Although groundbreaking, Kohlberg's research on morality has been widely criticized. Describe
two problems with Kohlberg's theory. For each, provide a piece of evidence that suggests
Kohlberg was incorrect. - ✔✔• Does morality come in stages?
o Adults and children reason at different levels in different stages
o Dev consists of increases in: ability to consider a wide array of morality-relevant
factors (human rights)
• Conceptions of morality are not universal]
, o Kohlberg was biased against women and non-western children/adults
When do children begin to exhibit signs of conscience and how is early conscience different from
that of older children? Explain one way that parents can support the development of conscience.
- ✔✔• Dev conscience at age 2. Younger children display an understanding of the rules and
have an emotional response to violating the rules. (age 6) Older kids internalize what is right and
what is wrong. Try to follow the rules even though they know they can cheat
• Parents can support the development of conscience by modeling moral behavior.
According to Kenneth Dodge, different types of aggression arise from deficits in different
stages of social information processing. Explain the deficits that give rise to acts of reactive and
proactive aggression. - ✔✔•Reactive Impulsive, emotional, retaliatory (e.g., response to
provocation)
o Deficits Attention to hostile cues/ hostile attribution bias/ respond to perceived aggression
with aggression
•Proactive Deliberate, unemotional, aimed at fulfilling a goal (e.g., bullying)
o Deficits aggressive social goals/ pos outcome expectancies
List two ways that parents and the home environment can affect children's antisocial behavior.
For each explain how they result in aggression and antisocial behavior. - ✔✔• Discipline -
models aggressive behavior. shows that aggression is a way to get what you want.
• Parenting style- cold/rejecting parenting shows that the childs feelings aren't valid. So the
child thinks that everyones feelings aren't valid
In class we discussed a number of sex differences in social, emotional, and cognitive
functioning. Describe two environmental factors that could give rise to these sex differences.
- ✔✔• social learning Modeling of stereotyped behaviors / Reinforcement of stereotyped
behaviors
• role of parents Describe boys and girls differently / Praise boys and girls differently
100% Correct (latest update 2025).
Erik Erikson outlined three ways that adolescents could approach identity confusion. Describe
two of these approaches. For each, give one long-term consequence of adopting that approach.
- ✔✔• Identity diffusion Ignores identity confusion. No steps are taken to fix
identity confusion. (I'll think about this later)
o Long term consequence: More at risk for depression/ less mature/ apathetic
• Identity foreclosure Chooses an identity without considering options (I'll be a doctor
because that's what my parents want)
o Long term consequences: Inflexible/ intolerant
Describe the two key dimensions of parenting that we discussed in class. According to
Baumrind's research, which of these dimensions is more important for predicting children's
academic performance? Which predicts delinquency? - ✔✔•Two key dimensions of
parenting are responsiveness and demandingness
•Authoritative parenting predicts academic performance
•Uninvolved parenting predicts delinquency
Family structure has changed substantially on the last several decades. Describe two ways that
modern families look different. For each describe one implication of this change for children's
development. - ✔✔• Older families (parents are waiting to have kids) lots of positives because
parents have more resources and social connections. Parents enjoy parenting.
• Increase divorced parents kids have greater risks of emotional disorders.
,Describe how children's concepts of friendship change as they get older. Be specific about
what friendship looks like at different ages. What is one benefit of friendships? - ✔✔•
Under 2 years old prefer physical proximity with other children (plays side by side).
• 2-4 year olds friends are kids you spend most of your time with.
• Early school years Friends are kids with your same interests and take less work to spend
time with
• Adolescence Friends are loyal and listen to your problems
• Benefit 5th graders with Reciprocated friendships do better in college and have a
higher quality family/social life 15yrs later
In order to determine why children end up with a particular sociometric status, researchers
have conducted play-group studies like the one we watched in class. The results from these
studies have shown that each sociometric status is associated with certain social behaviors.
Choose a sociometric status and describe the types of votes/nominations someone with that
sociometric status receives from peers. Next, describe two social behaviors that are
associated with that status. - ✔✔• Popular lots of positive votes and few negative votes
• They behave well in social situations (social skills)/ athletic ability (better for boys)
Although groundbreaking, Kohlberg's research on morality has been widely criticized. Describe
two problems with Kohlberg's theory. For each, provide a piece of evidence that suggests
Kohlberg was incorrect. - ✔✔• Does morality come in stages?
o Adults and children reason at different levels in different stages
o Dev consists of increases in: ability to consider a wide array of morality-relevant
factors (human rights)
• Conceptions of morality are not universal]
, o Kohlberg was biased against women and non-western children/adults
When do children begin to exhibit signs of conscience and how is early conscience different from
that of older children? Explain one way that parents can support the development of conscience.
- ✔✔• Dev conscience at age 2. Younger children display an understanding of the rules and
have an emotional response to violating the rules. (age 6) Older kids internalize what is right and
what is wrong. Try to follow the rules even though they know they can cheat
• Parents can support the development of conscience by modeling moral behavior.
According to Kenneth Dodge, different types of aggression arise from deficits in different
stages of social information processing. Explain the deficits that give rise to acts of reactive and
proactive aggression. - ✔✔•Reactive Impulsive, emotional, retaliatory (e.g., response to
provocation)
o Deficits Attention to hostile cues/ hostile attribution bias/ respond to perceived aggression
with aggression
•Proactive Deliberate, unemotional, aimed at fulfilling a goal (e.g., bullying)
o Deficits aggressive social goals/ pos outcome expectancies
List two ways that parents and the home environment can affect children's antisocial behavior.
For each explain how they result in aggression and antisocial behavior. - ✔✔• Discipline -
models aggressive behavior. shows that aggression is a way to get what you want.
• Parenting style- cold/rejecting parenting shows that the childs feelings aren't valid. So the
child thinks that everyones feelings aren't valid
In class we discussed a number of sex differences in social, emotional, and cognitive
functioning. Describe two environmental factors that could give rise to these sex differences.
- ✔✔• social learning Modeling of stereotyped behaviors / Reinforcement of stereotyped
behaviors
• role of parents Describe boys and girls differently / Praise boys and girls differently
