NST 10: Midterm 3 UPDATED ACTUAL
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
placenta - CORRECT ANSWER - transiet organ that is made from maternal and fetal tissues
that allows nutrient and air exchange between mother and fetus
-is the source of hormones to maintain the pregnancy
-temporary organ that only exists in pre-pregnancy
physiological changes in mother's body - CORRECT ANSWER - -hormones cortisol,
prolactin, estrogen, and progesterone alter energy metabolism --> increased use of fatty acids and
anti-insulin effects
-glucose intolerance and insulin resistance to insure continuous nutrient transport to the fetus via
the placenta
-increased levels of LDL, HDL, free FA and utilization of fatty acids and fat deposition
anti-insulin effect - CORRECT ANSWER - needs to be a gradient (high glucose in maternal
blood, low glucose in fetal blood) so that glucose can pass through by diffusion.
-glucose uses passive diffusion
amino acids use _______ to go through placenta from mother to fetus - CORRECT
ANSWER - active transport
fatty acids use _______ to go through placenta from mother to fetus - CORRECT ANSWER -
gradient dependent diffusion
insulin - CORRECT ANSWER - insulin is not made by the fetus - all of it must come from
the mother
it is transported via the placenta by binding/cleavage
energy needs during pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER - -during 1st trimester, there is no
increase in energy needs because this is the embryonic phase, and the embryo is quite small
,-during 2nd trimester, during the fetal phase, energy expenditure rises an extra 340 kcal/day
-during 3rd trimester, expenditure rises to 450 kcal/day
protein needs during pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER - -during 1st trimester, there is no
increase in needs because this is the embryonic phase, and the embryo is quite small
-during 2nd trimester, additional 25 g/day
-during 3rd trimester, additional 1.1g/kg/day
micronutrient needs during pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER - -vitamin A needed for cell
differentiation
-all B vitamins need to be increased during pregnancy in order to provide for more energy needs
(rapid cell division in fetus requires more energy)
-iron/zinc --> important factors for enzymes that are involved in DNA/protein synthesis
-iodine is needed for the synthesis of thyroid hormones (nerve metabolism)
-vitamin C for production of collagen
-Thiamin, niacin and riboflavin: support maternal and fetal tissue growth and increasing energy
use
nutrient needs of pregnant teenage mothers - CORRECT ANSWER - -nutrient needs are
higher for pregnant teenagers than mothers over the age of 20 because teenage bodies are still
developing
-teenage mothers are at risk of having pregnancy complications because their bodies haven't
stopped developing
-all nutrients have increased needs
meeting nutrient needs - CORRECT ANSWER - -1st trimester --> just eat the same way as
during pre-pregnancy
-2nd trimester --> increase of selected dietary items (protein/grains). Not calcium because
calcium comes from mothers' bones
-3rd trimester --> same as 2nd
-need more water as well
, pregnant women need folate because - CORRECT ANSWER - -present in most foods from
animal and plant origin
-is necessary for neural tube formation and closure
-involved in new DNA synthesis
-recommended increase in 400micrograms of folic acid for pregnant women
neural tube defects - CORRECT ANSWER - -causes spina bifida --> spinal cord is exposed
-can cause anencephaly (abnormal brain and skull formation)
anencephaly - CORRECT ANSWER - condition where brain and skull do not form normally
due to folate deficiency
macrocytic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - -is caused by folate deficiency in mothers -->
when red blood cells don't divide
-caused the US to mandate the fortification of foods with folic acid due to problem before 1998
Vitamin B12 in pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER - -important because regenerates active
folate
-is present only in animal products (meat/dairy)
-important in DNA synthesis due to relationship with folate
Vitamin B6/iron in pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER - necessary for hemoglobin/DNA
synthesis
Vitamin C in pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER - -normally found in foods from plant origin
-role during pregnancy: synthesis collagen molecules
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
placenta - CORRECT ANSWER - transiet organ that is made from maternal and fetal tissues
that allows nutrient and air exchange between mother and fetus
-is the source of hormones to maintain the pregnancy
-temporary organ that only exists in pre-pregnancy
physiological changes in mother's body - CORRECT ANSWER - -hormones cortisol,
prolactin, estrogen, and progesterone alter energy metabolism --> increased use of fatty acids and
anti-insulin effects
-glucose intolerance and insulin resistance to insure continuous nutrient transport to the fetus via
the placenta
-increased levels of LDL, HDL, free FA and utilization of fatty acids and fat deposition
anti-insulin effect - CORRECT ANSWER - needs to be a gradient (high glucose in maternal
blood, low glucose in fetal blood) so that glucose can pass through by diffusion.
-glucose uses passive diffusion
amino acids use _______ to go through placenta from mother to fetus - CORRECT
ANSWER - active transport
fatty acids use _______ to go through placenta from mother to fetus - CORRECT ANSWER -
gradient dependent diffusion
insulin - CORRECT ANSWER - insulin is not made by the fetus - all of it must come from
the mother
it is transported via the placenta by binding/cleavage
energy needs during pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER - -during 1st trimester, there is no
increase in energy needs because this is the embryonic phase, and the embryo is quite small
,-during 2nd trimester, during the fetal phase, energy expenditure rises an extra 340 kcal/day
-during 3rd trimester, expenditure rises to 450 kcal/day
protein needs during pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER - -during 1st trimester, there is no
increase in needs because this is the embryonic phase, and the embryo is quite small
-during 2nd trimester, additional 25 g/day
-during 3rd trimester, additional 1.1g/kg/day
micronutrient needs during pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER - -vitamin A needed for cell
differentiation
-all B vitamins need to be increased during pregnancy in order to provide for more energy needs
(rapid cell division in fetus requires more energy)
-iron/zinc --> important factors for enzymes that are involved in DNA/protein synthesis
-iodine is needed for the synthesis of thyroid hormones (nerve metabolism)
-vitamin C for production of collagen
-Thiamin, niacin and riboflavin: support maternal and fetal tissue growth and increasing energy
use
nutrient needs of pregnant teenage mothers - CORRECT ANSWER - -nutrient needs are
higher for pregnant teenagers than mothers over the age of 20 because teenage bodies are still
developing
-teenage mothers are at risk of having pregnancy complications because their bodies haven't
stopped developing
-all nutrients have increased needs
meeting nutrient needs - CORRECT ANSWER - -1st trimester --> just eat the same way as
during pre-pregnancy
-2nd trimester --> increase of selected dietary items (protein/grains). Not calcium because
calcium comes from mothers' bones
-3rd trimester --> same as 2nd
-need more water as well
, pregnant women need folate because - CORRECT ANSWER - -present in most foods from
animal and plant origin
-is necessary for neural tube formation and closure
-involved in new DNA synthesis
-recommended increase in 400micrograms of folic acid for pregnant women
neural tube defects - CORRECT ANSWER - -causes spina bifida --> spinal cord is exposed
-can cause anencephaly (abnormal brain and skull formation)
anencephaly - CORRECT ANSWER - condition where brain and skull do not form normally
due to folate deficiency
macrocytic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - -is caused by folate deficiency in mothers -->
when red blood cells don't divide
-caused the US to mandate the fortification of foods with folic acid due to problem before 1998
Vitamin B12 in pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER - -important because regenerates active
folate
-is present only in animal products (meat/dairy)
-important in DNA synthesis due to relationship with folate
Vitamin B6/iron in pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER - necessary for hemoglobin/DNA
synthesis
Vitamin C in pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER - -normally found in foods from plant origin
-role during pregnancy: synthesis collagen molecules
