NST 10: Midterm 3 UPDATED Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Muscle Energy Systems - CORRECT ANSWER - Power - Immediate Energy Sources
Speed - Glycogenolytic and Glycolytic Energy Sources
Endurance - Oxidative Energy Sources
Measuring Metabolism in vivo - CORRECT ANSWER - Indirect Calorimetry, Biopsies,
Arterial-Venous differences and Tissue Blood Flow, Isotope Tracers
Glycolysis - CORRECT ANSWER - The dissolution of sugar
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway - CORRECT ANSWER - 1) Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --->
2) Lactate- + 2 ATP + Heat
Iron-deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - results in small red blood cells (microcytic)
that do not contain enough hemoglobin; symptoms are fatigue, pale skin, impaired work
performance, depressed immune function, impaired memory ; severe iron deficiency
Iron Overload: Hemochromatosis - CORRECT ANSWER - genetic disease, accumulated iron
damages cells: progressive hepatic, pancreatic, cardiac, and other organ damage; made worse in
alcohol
Copper - CORRECT ANSWER - About 30-40% in diet is absorbed; High Zn intake strongly
inhibits absorption; absorption is reduced by high intake of iron, other metals, large doses of
vitamin C and antacids; absorbed copper is bound to albumin and transported to the liver; binds
to ceruloplasmin in the liver for delivery to the tissues by oxidizing Fe2+( ferrous) iron to Fe3+
(ferric) iron which can then be bound to transferrin
,Copper-containing proteins are involved in - CORRECT ANSWER - iron and lipid
metabolism, connective tissue synthesis, maintenance of heart muscle, immune and central nerve
systems
food sources of zinc - CORRECT ANSWER - meat, fish, oysters: rich sources, well absorbed;
dairy, whole grains, legumes: lower rates of absorption; not in refined flours; inhibited by
phytates, high fiber
functions of zinc - CORRECT ANSWER - Cofactor; RNA synthesis; Stabilizes proteins that
regulate gene expression - Zinc fingers; Functions in > 300 enzymes for growth, protein
synthesis, sexual maturation; Stabilizes cell membranes
zinc - in digestive tract - CORRECT ANSWER - Absorption: regulated by zinc transport
proteins; Amount of zinc that enter the blood is regulated by metallothionein
body does NOT need zinc - CORRECT ANSWER - Zinc sloughed off with intestinal cells
Parathyroid hormone - CORRECT ANSWER - a gland next to the thyroid that secretes a
hormone that regulates calcium levels in a person's body; reabsorption of Ca by kidney, but does
not conserve P; release of Ca (& P) from bone; absorption of dietary Ca from intestine
Calcitonin - CORRECT ANSWER - a hormone secreted by the thyroid that has the effect of
lowering blood calcium.
Cofactor - CORRECT ANSWER - a substance (other than the substrate) whose presence is
essential for the activity of an enzyme.
Bioavailability - CORRECT ANSWER - What % of a nutrient can be absorbed
Osteoporosis - CORRECT ANSWER - a medical condition in which the bones become brittle
and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of
calcium or vitamin D
,Oxalate - CORRECT ANSWER - any salt or ester of oxalic acid, occurring in plants,
especially spinach, rhubarb, and certain other vegetables and nuts, and capable of forming an
insoluble salt with calcium and interfering with its absorption by the body.
Trabecular bone - CORRECT ANSWER - is one of the two types of bone tissue found in the
human body; found at the ends of long bones, as well as in the pelvic bones, ribs, skull, and the
vertebrae in the spinal column
Osteoblasts - CORRECT ANSWER - a cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation.
phospholipid - CORRECT ANSWER - a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule,
e.g., lecithin.
Functions of Phosphorus - CORRECT ANSWER - bone mineralization, phospholipids, and
energy transfer (ATP, ADP, GTP)
food sources from calcium - CORRECT ANSWER - Dairy products (except cottage cheese),
tofu, green leafy vegetables
food sources from phosphorus - CORRECT ANSWER - Ubiquitous, deficient only if low
energy and protein intakes
list of trace minerals - CORRECT ANSWER - Iron, Copper, Selenium, Zinc, Iodide, Fluoride
trace minerals - CORRECT ANSWER - essential; daily need less than 100 mg; biological
functions: component of enzymes and DNA synthesis; NOT a source of energy; deficiency
produce abnormalities
difficulties in studying trace minerals - CORRECT ANSWER - Trace metal contamination is
everywhere: need acid-washed, ultra clean glassware, double-distilled and deionized water,
, filtered air, ultra purified diet components, stainless steel or plastic cages; tests use blood
samples, but blood may not be sensitive measure, e.g. calcium; marginal deficiencies may not be
detected.
toxicity of phosphorous - CORRECT ANSWER - diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
toxicity of iron (Fe) - CORRECT ANSWER - constipation, nausea, vomiting, reduced Zn
uptake, Fe overload
toxicity of zinc (Zn) - CORRECT ANSWER - nausea, vomiting, immune suppression,
impaired Cu uptake
toxicity of selenium (Se) - CORRECT ANSWER - brittle hair/nails, cirrhosis of liver,
peripheral neuropathies, GI upset
free radical damage - CORRECT ANSWER - The process of oxidation in the human body
damages cell membranes and other structures including cellular proteins, lipids and DNA. When
oxygen is metabolized, it creates 'free radicals' which steal electrons from other molecules,
causing damage; has an odd number - an "unpaired" electron
too little iron - CORRECT ANSWER - reduced oxygen carrying capacity and energy
generation - especially in women, children
too much iron - CORRECT ANSWER - free radical mediated damage susceptibility to
infection, risk of heart disease, esp. in men
functions of iron - CORRECT ANSWER - Oxygen transport: Hemoglobin & Myoglobin
Enzyme Cofactor: More than 200 enzyme reactions
Immune Function: Generates free radicals
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Muscle Energy Systems - CORRECT ANSWER - Power - Immediate Energy Sources
Speed - Glycogenolytic and Glycolytic Energy Sources
Endurance - Oxidative Energy Sources
Measuring Metabolism in vivo - CORRECT ANSWER - Indirect Calorimetry, Biopsies,
Arterial-Venous differences and Tissue Blood Flow, Isotope Tracers
Glycolysis - CORRECT ANSWER - The dissolution of sugar
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway - CORRECT ANSWER - 1) Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --->
2) Lactate- + 2 ATP + Heat
Iron-deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - results in small red blood cells (microcytic)
that do not contain enough hemoglobin; symptoms are fatigue, pale skin, impaired work
performance, depressed immune function, impaired memory ; severe iron deficiency
Iron Overload: Hemochromatosis - CORRECT ANSWER - genetic disease, accumulated iron
damages cells: progressive hepatic, pancreatic, cardiac, and other organ damage; made worse in
alcohol
Copper - CORRECT ANSWER - About 30-40% in diet is absorbed; High Zn intake strongly
inhibits absorption; absorption is reduced by high intake of iron, other metals, large doses of
vitamin C and antacids; absorbed copper is bound to albumin and transported to the liver; binds
to ceruloplasmin in the liver for delivery to the tissues by oxidizing Fe2+( ferrous) iron to Fe3+
(ferric) iron which can then be bound to transferrin
,Copper-containing proteins are involved in - CORRECT ANSWER - iron and lipid
metabolism, connective tissue synthesis, maintenance of heart muscle, immune and central nerve
systems
food sources of zinc - CORRECT ANSWER - meat, fish, oysters: rich sources, well absorbed;
dairy, whole grains, legumes: lower rates of absorption; not in refined flours; inhibited by
phytates, high fiber
functions of zinc - CORRECT ANSWER - Cofactor; RNA synthesis; Stabilizes proteins that
regulate gene expression - Zinc fingers; Functions in > 300 enzymes for growth, protein
synthesis, sexual maturation; Stabilizes cell membranes
zinc - in digestive tract - CORRECT ANSWER - Absorption: regulated by zinc transport
proteins; Amount of zinc that enter the blood is regulated by metallothionein
body does NOT need zinc - CORRECT ANSWER - Zinc sloughed off with intestinal cells
Parathyroid hormone - CORRECT ANSWER - a gland next to the thyroid that secretes a
hormone that regulates calcium levels in a person's body; reabsorption of Ca by kidney, but does
not conserve P; release of Ca (& P) from bone; absorption of dietary Ca from intestine
Calcitonin - CORRECT ANSWER - a hormone secreted by the thyroid that has the effect of
lowering blood calcium.
Cofactor - CORRECT ANSWER - a substance (other than the substrate) whose presence is
essential for the activity of an enzyme.
Bioavailability - CORRECT ANSWER - What % of a nutrient can be absorbed
Osteoporosis - CORRECT ANSWER - a medical condition in which the bones become brittle
and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of
calcium or vitamin D
,Oxalate - CORRECT ANSWER - any salt or ester of oxalic acid, occurring in plants,
especially spinach, rhubarb, and certain other vegetables and nuts, and capable of forming an
insoluble salt with calcium and interfering with its absorption by the body.
Trabecular bone - CORRECT ANSWER - is one of the two types of bone tissue found in the
human body; found at the ends of long bones, as well as in the pelvic bones, ribs, skull, and the
vertebrae in the spinal column
Osteoblasts - CORRECT ANSWER - a cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation.
phospholipid - CORRECT ANSWER - a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule,
e.g., lecithin.
Functions of Phosphorus - CORRECT ANSWER - bone mineralization, phospholipids, and
energy transfer (ATP, ADP, GTP)
food sources from calcium - CORRECT ANSWER - Dairy products (except cottage cheese),
tofu, green leafy vegetables
food sources from phosphorus - CORRECT ANSWER - Ubiquitous, deficient only if low
energy and protein intakes
list of trace minerals - CORRECT ANSWER - Iron, Copper, Selenium, Zinc, Iodide, Fluoride
trace minerals - CORRECT ANSWER - essential; daily need less than 100 mg; biological
functions: component of enzymes and DNA synthesis; NOT a source of energy; deficiency
produce abnormalities
difficulties in studying trace minerals - CORRECT ANSWER - Trace metal contamination is
everywhere: need acid-washed, ultra clean glassware, double-distilled and deionized water,
, filtered air, ultra purified diet components, stainless steel or plastic cages; tests use blood
samples, but blood may not be sensitive measure, e.g. calcium; marginal deficiencies may not be
detected.
toxicity of phosphorous - CORRECT ANSWER - diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
toxicity of iron (Fe) - CORRECT ANSWER - constipation, nausea, vomiting, reduced Zn
uptake, Fe overload
toxicity of zinc (Zn) - CORRECT ANSWER - nausea, vomiting, immune suppression,
impaired Cu uptake
toxicity of selenium (Se) - CORRECT ANSWER - brittle hair/nails, cirrhosis of liver,
peripheral neuropathies, GI upset
free radical damage - CORRECT ANSWER - The process of oxidation in the human body
damages cell membranes and other structures including cellular proteins, lipids and DNA. When
oxygen is metabolized, it creates 'free radicals' which steal electrons from other molecules,
causing damage; has an odd number - an "unpaired" electron
too little iron - CORRECT ANSWER - reduced oxygen carrying capacity and energy
generation - especially in women, children
too much iron - CORRECT ANSWER - free radical mediated damage susceptibility to
infection, risk of heart disease, esp. in men
functions of iron - CORRECT ANSWER - Oxygen transport: Hemoglobin & Myoglobin
Enzyme Cofactor: More than 200 enzyme reactions
Immune Function: Generates free radicals
