BIOD 152 FINAL EXAM 2025

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BIOD 152 FINAL EXAM 2025

This is a bundle of axons found in the peripheral nervous system. - Correct Ans-nerves

This part of the autonomic system increases digestion - Correct Ans-parasympathetic
nervous system

The ventral root of a nerve contains what type of neurons - Correct Ans-Motor (efferent)

This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body - Correct Ans-
Dendrites

A neuron going to the bicep of the forearm is part of the:
A. CNS
B. PNS
C. Autonomic system
D. Somatic
E. A and C
D. B and D - Correct Ans-B and D

True or False: Neurons do not physically touch each other - Correct Ans-True. They are
seperated by synapses

Describe the function and release of neurotransmitters - Correct Ans--Neurotransmitters
are chemicals stored inside secretory vesicles at the end of the axon terminals.
-When neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal vesicles, they carry the
transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another

An efferent neuron carres information:
A From the CNS to the PNS
B. From the PNS to the CNS
C Within the CNS
D Within the PNS - Correct Ans-A From the CNS to the PNS

A presynaptic neuron would be found:
A before the synapse
B. after the synapse
C. Inside the synapse
D. Only in the PNS - Correct Ans-A Before the synapse

What is the location and function of astrocytes - Correct Ans-Location: Central nervous
system (CNS)
Function: Regulation of chemical environment inside CNS, forming a physical barrier
(blood-brain-barrier) by wrapping around blood capillaries

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A patient's left thumb was severed in a cooking accident and then reattached during
surgery. Would the patient be expected to regrow axons in their thumb? why or why not
- Correct Ans-Yes. Peripheral nerves can regenerate the length of the axon through the
axonal regeneration because of the growth of schwann cells ahead of the axon.

At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is
A 0 mV
B +40 mV
C Polarized
D Depolarized - Correct Ans-C polarized (around -70 mV)

Which of the following is true concerning the sodium-potassium pump?
A. It maintains the depolarization phase of an axon
B. For every two sodium ions pumped out, three potassium ions are pumped in
C. It must remain in constant operation to maintain the resting state
D. The overall effect is a positive charge on the inside - Correct Ans-C. It must remain in
constant operation to maintain the resting rate

True or False: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of extreme pain. This means that
the strength of the action potential is greater than usual. Explain your answer. - Correct
Ans-False. There is no variation in the strength of an action potential. There is only
variation in the number and frequency of neurons firing.

Which of the following statements is true concerning the neuromuscular junction:
A The NMJ terminates on neurons within the brain and spinal cord
B The NMJ terminates on a muscle fiber
C The NMJ terminates on a presynaptic motor
D The NMJ does not have a synapse - Correct Ans-B The NMJ terminates on a muscle
fiber

How is a message sent from one neuron to another - Correct Ans-There is a minute
fluid-filled space, called a synapse, between the axon terminal of the sending neuron
and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an
axon, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. These bind with a receptor on
the next neuron, opening Na+ gates in the receiving dendrite which causes
depolarization and the impulse is carried.

What neurotransmitter is found at the neuromuscular junctions - Correct Ans-
Acetylcholine ACh

True or False: Action potentials travel in multiple directions within the same neuron -
Correct Ans-False: only one direction in the same neuron

True or false: reflexes occur only with conscious intervention from the brain - Correct
Ans-False

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In a reflex, the ______ neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway towards the
CNS - Correct Ans-Sensory/afferent

Where is the integration center of a reflex located - Correct Ans-CNS

Which of the following statements is true about reflexes?
A. reflexes only involve the brainstem or higher levels of processing
B. regulation of blood sugar by hormones is one example of reflex
C. Reflexes cannot be tested because they are internal
D. Pulling a hand away from a hot flame is not a reflex; it is entirely voluntary - Correct
Ans-B. Regulation of blood sugar by hormones is one example of a reflex

What is true about the stretch reflex?
A. stretch reflexes help to increase the stretch on a muscle
B. the patellar reflex tests the stretch reflex of the patella
C. The muscle spindle detects stretch within the muscle
D. The effect of the motor signal is to relax a muscle - Correct Ans-C. The muscle
spindle detects stretch within the muscle

What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex?
A. It does not involve interneurons
B. It involves excitatory interneurons
C. It invovles inhibitory interneurons
D. The effect of the reflex is to create a co-contraction of the two muscles
E. A and D
F. B and C - Correct Ans-F. B and C

Your doctor taps on your patellar tendon. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous
pathway of the reflex he is testing. Include any sensory organs involved and the action
of the reflex. - Correct Ans-Stretch reflex:
-stretch on patellar tendon
-muscle spindle detects stretch
- afferent neuron through DRG
-Spinal cord
-Synapses directly on a motor neuron

Action: to muscle fiber to contract quadriceps (kicking foot)

Botulism is a disease caused by a neurotoxin that interferes with the release of
Acetylcholine. Patients with this disease experience flaccid paralysis, or the inability to
contract their muscles. Explain why this would occur. - Correct Ans-The nervous system
interacts with the muscular system at the neuromuscular junction. Acetylcholine must be
released from the presynaptic motor neuron into the synapse to bind onto muscle fiber,
eventually causing a muscle contraction. Without the release of acetylcholine, there will



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