Advanced Pathophysiology HESI study EXAM 2025 LATEST
UPDATED 100 REAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% RATED
CORRECT ANSWERS 100% ACCURATE GET IT CORRECT!!
Following routine colonoscopy screening, a client is told that he had several polyps removed.
The client began crying stating, "I just can't deal with cancer. I'm too young." The nurse
responds: A) "Don't worry. We have some great cancer doctors on staff. I'm sure chemo will help
you fight it." B) "Maybe if you're lucky, they have stopped it from metastasizing to your liver."
C) "A simple intestinal surgery will cure you." D) "Most colon polyps are not cancerous. The
biopsy results will direct your care." - (Correct Answer)Ans: D Feedback: A polyp is a growth
that projects from a mucosal surface, such as the intestine. Although the term usually implies a
benign neoplasm, some malignant tumors also appear as polyps. Adenomatous polyps are
considered precursors to adenocarcinomas of the colon.
心的坚强决定了我们的命运。当
A lung biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging have confirmed the presence of a benign lung
我们面对挫折时，是一颗不屈的
tumor in a client. Which of the following characteristics is associated with this client's neoplasm?
A) The tumor will grow by expansion and is likely encapsulated. B) The cells that constitute the
心让我们勇敢前行
tumor are undifferentiated, with atypical structure. C) If left untreated, the client's tumor is likely
to metastasize. D) The tumor is likely to infiltrate the lung tissue that presently surrounds it. -
(Correct Answer)Ans: A Feedback: Benign neoplasms typically grow by expansion rather than
invasion. As well, they are usually contained within a fibrous capsule. Malignant tumors are
associated with undifferentiated cells, metastasis, and infiltration of surrounding tissue.
3. A newly diagnosed lung cancer client asks how his tumor spread (metastasized) so fast without
displaying many signs/symptoms. The nurse responds that malignant tumors affect area tissues
by: A) Increasing tissue blood flow B) Providing essential nutrients
C)Liberating enzymes and toxinsD)Forming fibrous membranes - (Correct Answer)Ans: C
Feedback: Malignant tumors affect area tissues by liberating enzymes and toxins that destroy
tumor tissue and normal tissue. In addition, the malignant cells compress area vessels, causing
ischemia and tissue necrosis. The high metabolic rate of tumor growth causes the tumor to
deprive the normal tissues of essential nutrients.
,A client had a positive Pap smear. The surgeon diagnosed "cancer in situ of the cervix." The
client asks, "What does this mean?" From the following statements, which is most appropriate in
response to this question? The tumor has: A) Been walled off within a strong fibrous capsule B)
Developed a distant infiltration C) Not crossed the basement membrane, so it can be surgically
removed with little chance of growing back D) Grown undifferentiated cells that no longer look
like the tissue from which it arose - (Correct Answer)Ans: C Feedback: Cancer in situ is a
localized preinvasive lesion. As an example, in breast ductal carcinoma, in situ the cells have not
crossed the basement membrane. Depending on its location, an in situ lesion usually can be
removed surgically or treated so that the chances of recurrence are small. For example, cancer in
situ of the cervix is essentially 100% curable.
While studying to become chemo-certified, the nurse reviews some basic concepts about cancer
cells. When a client asks about why the tumor grows so fast, the nurse will respond based on
which of the following physiological principles? Select all that apply. A) Cancer cells have
shorter cell cycle times than normal cells. B) Cancer cells do not die when they are programmed
to die. C) Growth factors prevents cancer cells from entering resting (G0) cell cycle phase. D)
Cancer cells will reach a balance between cell birth and cell death rate. E) Cancer cells never
心的坚强决定了我们的命运。当
reach a flattened growth rate. - (Correct Answer)Ans: B, C Feedback: One of the reasons
cancerous tumors often seem to grow so rapidly relates to the size of the cell pool that is actively
我们面对挫折时，是一颗不屈的
engaged in cycling. It has been shown that the cell cycle time of cancerous tissue cells is not
心让我们勇敢前行
necessarily shorter than that of normal cells. Rather, cancer cells do not die on schedule, and
growth factors prevent cells from exiting the cell cycle and entering the G0 or noncycling phase.
The ratio of dividing cells to resting cells in a tissue mass is called the growth fraction. The
doubling time is the length of time it takes for the total mass of cells in a tumor to double. As the
growth fraction increases, the doubling time decreases. When normal tissues reach their adult
size, an equilibrium between cell birth and cell death is reached. Cancer cells, however, continue
to divide until limitations in blood supply and nutrients inhibit their growth. When this occurs,
the doubling time for cancer cells decreases. The initial growth rate is exponential and then tends
to decrease or flatten out over time.
Although growth rate is variable among types of bacteria, the growth of bacteria is dependent on:
A) Biofilm communication
B) Availability of nutrients
C) An intact protein capsid
D) Individual cell motility - (Correct Answer)Ans: B
Feedback:
,Bacterial growth is dependent upon the availability of nutrients and physical growth conditions.
Bacteria prefer to colonize as biofilm and communicate with other bacteria within the biofilm,
but biofilm is not necessary for growth. Viruses (not bacteria) form a capsid. Although some
bacteria have projections for motility, these are not necessary for growth.
Which of the following outpatients are at a greater risk for developing Treponema pallidum, the
cause of syphilis? Select all that apply.
A) A homeless adolescent female performing oral sex for money
B) A male who frequents clubs catering to exotic dancers and sexual favors
C) A homosexual male couple who have had a monogamous relationship for the past 20 years
D) An older adult female living in a condominium who regularly has sex with three to four
different men/week - (Correct Answer)Ans: A, B, D
Feedback:
Treponema pallidum is a sexually transmitted infection that is spread by direct physical contact.
The Borrelia type of spirochete is 心的坚强决定了我们的命运。当
spread from animals to humans through lice or tick bites.
Leptospira spirochetes spread from animals to humans through contact with infected animal
我们面对挫折时，是一颗不屈的
urine. Spirochetes are anaerobic; therefore, they would not invade the host through oxygen-filled
aerobic lungs. 心让我们勇敢前行
Chlamydiaceae have characteristics of both viruses and bacteria and are a rather common
sexually transmitted infectious organism. After entry into the host, they transform into a
reticulate body. The health care provider should monitor which of the following clients for this
possible infection? Select all that apply.
A) An adult male who raises a number of exotic birds in his home
B) A drug abuser looking to share needles/syringes
C) A newborn with a noticeable eye infection
D) A teenager who swims in the lake regularly - (Correct Answer)Ans: A, B, C
Feedback:
Chlamydiaceae are in the form of an elementary body when infectious and outside of the host
cell. Once an organism enters the cell, it transforms into a large reticulate body. This undergoes
active replication into multiple elementary bodies, which are then shed into the extracellular
environment to initiate another infectious cycle. Chlamydial diseases of humans include sexually
, transmitted genital infections (Chlamydophila trachomatis); ocular infections and pneumonia of
newborns (C. trachomatis); upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children, adolescents,
and young adults (Chlamydophila pneumoniae); and respiratory disease acquired from infected
birds (Chlamydophila psittaci).
A client has been diagnosed with Coxiella burnetii infection. She asked the health care provider
how she could have gotten this disease. The health care provider's best response is:
A) "Probably while walking outside without your shoes on."
B) "While swimming in an unsanitary pond."
C) "Drinking contaminated milk."
D) "Eating undercooked fish." - (Correct Answer)Ans: C
Feedback:
In humans, Coxiella infection produces a disease called Q fever, characterized by a nonspecific
febrile illness often accompanied by headache, chills, arthralgias, and mild pneumonia. The
心的坚强决定了我们的命运。当
organism produces a highly resistant sporelike stage that is transmitted to humans when
contaminated animal tissue is aerosolized (e.g., during meat processing) or by ingestion of
我们面对挫折时，是一颗不屈的
contaminated milk.
心让我们勇敢前行
A teenage male develops a severe case of "athlete's foot." He asks, "How did I get this?" The
health care worker explains that certain fungi become infectious (called dermatophytes) and
exhibit which of the following characteristics? A) Prefer to grow in warm environments like
shoes/socks
B) Like a moist environment
C) Limited to cooler cutaneous surfaces
D) Need higher blood flow to survive - (Correct Answer)Ans: C
Feedback:
Dermatophytes are not able to grow at core body temperature, preferring the cooler surface skin
areas instead of moist skin folds. Diseases caused by these organisms, including ringworm,
athlete's foot, and jock itch, are collectively called superficial mycoses.
UPDATED 100 REAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% RATED
CORRECT ANSWERS 100% ACCURATE GET IT CORRECT!!
Following routine colonoscopy screening, a client is told that he had several polyps removed.
The client began crying stating, "I just can't deal with cancer. I'm too young." The nurse
responds: A) "Don't worry. We have some great cancer doctors on staff. I'm sure chemo will help
you fight it." B) "Maybe if you're lucky, they have stopped it from metastasizing to your liver."
C) "A simple intestinal surgery will cure you." D) "Most colon polyps are not cancerous. The
biopsy results will direct your care." - (Correct Answer)Ans: D Feedback: A polyp is a growth
that projects from a mucosal surface, such as the intestine. Although the term usually implies a
benign neoplasm, some malignant tumors also appear as polyps. Adenomatous polyps are
considered precursors to adenocarcinomas of the colon.
心的坚强决定了我们的命运。当
A lung biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging have confirmed the presence of a benign lung
我们面对挫折时，是一颗不屈的
tumor in a client. Which of the following characteristics is associated with this client's neoplasm?
A) The tumor will grow by expansion and is likely encapsulated. B) The cells that constitute the
心让我们勇敢前行
tumor are undifferentiated, with atypical structure. C) If left untreated, the client's tumor is likely
to metastasize. D) The tumor is likely to infiltrate the lung tissue that presently surrounds it. -
(Correct Answer)Ans: A Feedback: Benign neoplasms typically grow by expansion rather than
invasion. As well, they are usually contained within a fibrous capsule. Malignant tumors are
associated with undifferentiated cells, metastasis, and infiltration of surrounding tissue.
3. A newly diagnosed lung cancer client asks how his tumor spread (metastasized) so fast without
displaying many signs/symptoms. The nurse responds that malignant tumors affect area tissues
by: A) Increasing tissue blood flow B) Providing essential nutrients
C)Liberating enzymes and toxinsD)Forming fibrous membranes - (Correct Answer)Ans: C
Feedback: Malignant tumors affect area tissues by liberating enzymes and toxins that destroy
tumor tissue and normal tissue. In addition, the malignant cells compress area vessels, causing
ischemia and tissue necrosis. The high metabolic rate of tumor growth causes the tumor to
deprive the normal tissues of essential nutrients.
,A client had a positive Pap smear. The surgeon diagnosed "cancer in situ of the cervix." The
client asks, "What does this mean?" From the following statements, which is most appropriate in
response to this question? The tumor has: A) Been walled off within a strong fibrous capsule B)
Developed a distant infiltration C) Not crossed the basement membrane, so it can be surgically
removed with little chance of growing back D) Grown undifferentiated cells that no longer look
like the tissue from which it arose - (Correct Answer)Ans: C Feedback: Cancer in situ is a
localized preinvasive lesion. As an example, in breast ductal carcinoma, in situ the cells have not
crossed the basement membrane. Depending on its location, an in situ lesion usually can be
removed surgically or treated so that the chances of recurrence are small. For example, cancer in
situ of the cervix is essentially 100% curable.
While studying to become chemo-certified, the nurse reviews some basic concepts about cancer
cells. When a client asks about why the tumor grows so fast, the nurse will respond based on
which of the following physiological principles? Select all that apply. A) Cancer cells have
shorter cell cycle times than normal cells. B) Cancer cells do not die when they are programmed
to die. C) Growth factors prevents cancer cells from entering resting (G0) cell cycle phase. D)
Cancer cells will reach a balance between cell birth and cell death rate. E) Cancer cells never
心的坚强决定了我们的命运。当
reach a flattened growth rate. - (Correct Answer)Ans: B, C Feedback: One of the reasons
cancerous tumors often seem to grow so rapidly relates to the size of the cell pool that is actively
我们面对挫折时，是一颗不屈的
engaged in cycling. It has been shown that the cell cycle time of cancerous tissue cells is not
心让我们勇敢前行
necessarily shorter than that of normal cells. Rather, cancer cells do not die on schedule, and
growth factors prevent cells from exiting the cell cycle and entering the G0 or noncycling phase.
The ratio of dividing cells to resting cells in a tissue mass is called the growth fraction. The
doubling time is the length of time it takes for the total mass of cells in a tumor to double. As the
growth fraction increases, the doubling time decreases. When normal tissues reach their adult
size, an equilibrium between cell birth and cell death is reached. Cancer cells, however, continue
to divide until limitations in blood supply and nutrients inhibit their growth. When this occurs,
the doubling time for cancer cells decreases. The initial growth rate is exponential and then tends
to decrease or flatten out over time.
Although growth rate is variable among types of bacteria, the growth of bacteria is dependent on:
A) Biofilm communication
B) Availability of nutrients
C) An intact protein capsid
D) Individual cell motility - (Correct Answer)Ans: B
Feedback:
,Bacterial growth is dependent upon the availability of nutrients and physical growth conditions.
Bacteria prefer to colonize as biofilm and communicate with other bacteria within the biofilm,
but biofilm is not necessary for growth. Viruses (not bacteria) form a capsid. Although some
bacteria have projections for motility, these are not necessary for growth.
Which of the following outpatients are at a greater risk for developing Treponema pallidum, the
cause of syphilis? Select all that apply.
A) A homeless adolescent female performing oral sex for money
B) A male who frequents clubs catering to exotic dancers and sexual favors
C) A homosexual male couple who have had a monogamous relationship for the past 20 years
D) An older adult female living in a condominium who regularly has sex with three to four
different men/week - (Correct Answer)Ans: A, B, D
Feedback:
Treponema pallidum is a sexually transmitted infection that is spread by direct physical contact.
The Borrelia type of spirochete is 心的坚强决定了我们的命运。当
spread from animals to humans through lice or tick bites.
Leptospira spirochetes spread from animals to humans through contact with infected animal
我们面对挫折时，是一颗不屈的
urine. Spirochetes are anaerobic; therefore, they would not invade the host through oxygen-filled
aerobic lungs. 心让我们勇敢前行
Chlamydiaceae have characteristics of both viruses and bacteria and are a rather common
sexually transmitted infectious organism. After entry into the host, they transform into a
reticulate body. The health care provider should monitor which of the following clients for this
possible infection? Select all that apply.
A) An adult male who raises a number of exotic birds in his home
B) A drug abuser looking to share needles/syringes
C) A newborn with a noticeable eye infection
D) A teenager who swims in the lake regularly - (Correct Answer)Ans: A, B, C
Feedback:
Chlamydiaceae are in the form of an elementary body when infectious and outside of the host
cell. Once an organism enters the cell, it transforms into a large reticulate body. This undergoes
active replication into multiple elementary bodies, which are then shed into the extracellular
environment to initiate another infectious cycle. Chlamydial diseases of humans include sexually
, transmitted genital infections (Chlamydophila trachomatis); ocular infections and pneumonia of
newborns (C. trachomatis); upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children, adolescents,
and young adults (Chlamydophila pneumoniae); and respiratory disease acquired from infected
birds (Chlamydophila psittaci).
A client has been diagnosed with Coxiella burnetii infection. She asked the health care provider
how she could have gotten this disease. The health care provider's best response is:
A) "Probably while walking outside without your shoes on."
B) "While swimming in an unsanitary pond."
C) "Drinking contaminated milk."
D) "Eating undercooked fish." - (Correct Answer)Ans: C
Feedback:
In humans, Coxiella infection produces a disease called Q fever, characterized by a nonspecific
febrile illness often accompanied by headache, chills, arthralgias, and mild pneumonia. The
心的坚强决定了我们的命运。当
organism produces a highly resistant sporelike stage that is transmitted to humans when
contaminated animal tissue is aerosolized (e.g., during meat processing) or by ingestion of
我们面对挫折时，是一颗不屈的
contaminated milk.
心让我们勇敢前行
A teenage male develops a severe case of "athlete's foot." He asks, "How did I get this?" The
health care worker explains that certain fungi become infectious (called dermatophytes) and
exhibit which of the following characteristics? A) Prefer to grow in warm environments like
shoes/socks
B) Like a moist environment
C) Limited to cooler cutaneous surfaces
D) Need higher blood flow to survive - (Correct Answer)Ans: C
Feedback:
Dermatophytes are not able to grow at core body temperature, preferring the cooler surface skin
areas instead of moist skin folds. Diseases caused by these organisms, including ringworm,
athlete's foot, and jock itch, are collectively called superficial mycoses.
