FINAL EXAM WILEY PLUS FIGURE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 100% CORRECT
RATED A+
What is the basic difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands -
ANSWER✔✔ Secretions of endocrine glands diffuse into interstitial fluid and then
into the blood; exocrine secretions flow into ducts that lead into body cavities or to
the body surface.
In the stomach, one stimulus for secretion of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells is
the release of histamine by neighboring mast cells. Is histamine an autocrine or a
paracrine in this situation? - ANSWER✔✔ In the stomach, histamine is a paracrine
because it acts on nearby parietal cells without entering the blood.
What is the action of the receptor-hormone complex? - ANSWER✔✔ The
receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression by turning specific genes of
nuclear DNA on or off.
Why is cAMP a "second messenger"? - ANSWER✔✔ Cyclic AMP is termed a
second messenger because it translates the presence of the first messenger, the
water-soluble hormone, into a response inside the cell.
What is the functional importance of the hypophyseal portal veins? -
ANSWER✔✔ The hypophyseal portal veins carry blood from the median
eminence of the hypothalamus, where hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting
hormones are secreted, to the anterior pituitary, where these hormones act.
Functionally, how are the hypothalamohypophyseal tract and the hypophyseal
portal veins similar? Structurally, how are they different? - ANSWER✔✔
,Functionally, both the hypothalamohypophyseal tract and the hypophyseal portal
veins carry hypothalamic hormones to the pituitary gland. Structurally, the tract is
composed of axons of neurons that extend from the hypothalamus to the posterior
pituitary; the portal veins are blood vessels that extend from the hypothalamus to
the anterior pituitary.
Which cells secrete T3 and T4? Which secrete calcitonin? Which of these
hormones are also called thyroid hormones? - ANSWER✔✔ Follicular cells
secrete T3 and T4, also known as thyroid hormones. Parafollicular cells secrete
calcitonin.
What is the storage form of thyroid hormones? - ANSWER✔✔ The storage form
of thyroid hormones is thyroglobulin.
How could an iodine-deficient diet lead to goiter, which is an enlargement of the
thyroid gland? - ANSWER✔✔ Lack of iodine in the diet → diminished production
of T3 and T4 → increased release of TSH → growth (enlargement) of the thyroid
gland → goiter.
What are the secretory products of (1) parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and
(2) chief (principal) cells of the parathyroid glands? - ANSWER✔✔ Parafollicular
cells of the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin; chief (principal) cells of the
parathyroid gland secrete PTH.
What are the primary target tissues for PTH, CT, and calcitriol? - ANSWER✔✔
Target tissues for PTH are bones and the kidneys; target tissue for CT is bone;
target tissue for calcitriol is the GI tract.
What is the position of the adrenal glands relative to the kidneys? - ANSWER✔✔
The adrenal glands are superior to the kidneys in the retroperitoneal space.
, If a heart transplant patient receives prednisone (a glucocorticoid) to help prevent
rejection of the transplanted tissue, will blood levels of ACTH and CRH be high or
low? Explain. - ANSWER✔✔ A transplant recipient who takes prednisone will
have low blood levels of ACTH and CRH due to negative feedback suppression of
the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus by the prednisone.
Is the pancreas an exocrine gland or an endocrine gland? - ANSWER✔✔ The
pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland.
Does glycogenolysis increase or decrease blood glucose level? - ANSWER✔✔
Glycogenolysis is the conversion of glycogen into glucose and therefore it
increases blood glucose level.
What is the basic difference between the stress response and homeostasis? -
ANSWER✔✔ Homeostasis maintains controlled conditions typical of a normal
internal environment; the stress response resets controlled conditions at a different
level to cope with various stressors.
Which endocrine gland develops from tissues with two different embryological
origins? - ANSWER✔✔ The adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland is derived from
mesoderm, while the adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland is derived from
ectoderm.
Which endocrine disorder is due to antibodies that mimic the action of TSH? -
ANSWER✔✔ Antibodies that mimic the action of TSH are produced in Graves
disease.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 100% CORRECT
RATED A+
What is the basic difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands -
ANSWER✔✔ Secretions of endocrine glands diffuse into interstitial fluid and then
into the blood; exocrine secretions flow into ducts that lead into body cavities or to
the body surface.
In the stomach, one stimulus for secretion of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells is
the release of histamine by neighboring mast cells. Is histamine an autocrine or a
paracrine in this situation? - ANSWER✔✔ In the stomach, histamine is a paracrine
because it acts on nearby parietal cells without entering the blood.
What is the action of the receptor-hormone complex? - ANSWER✔✔ The
receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression by turning specific genes of
nuclear DNA on or off.
Why is cAMP a "second messenger"? - ANSWER✔✔ Cyclic AMP is termed a
second messenger because it translates the presence of the first messenger, the
water-soluble hormone, into a response inside the cell.
What is the functional importance of the hypophyseal portal veins? -
ANSWER✔✔ The hypophyseal portal veins carry blood from the median
eminence of the hypothalamus, where hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting
hormones are secreted, to the anterior pituitary, where these hormones act.
Functionally, how are the hypothalamohypophyseal tract and the hypophyseal
portal veins similar? Structurally, how are they different? - ANSWER✔✔
,Functionally, both the hypothalamohypophyseal tract and the hypophyseal portal
veins carry hypothalamic hormones to the pituitary gland. Structurally, the tract is
composed of axons of neurons that extend from the hypothalamus to the posterior
pituitary; the portal veins are blood vessels that extend from the hypothalamus to
the anterior pituitary.
Which cells secrete T3 and T4? Which secrete calcitonin? Which of these
hormones are also called thyroid hormones? - ANSWER✔✔ Follicular cells
secrete T3 and T4, also known as thyroid hormones. Parafollicular cells secrete
calcitonin.
What is the storage form of thyroid hormones? - ANSWER✔✔ The storage form
of thyroid hormones is thyroglobulin.
How could an iodine-deficient diet lead to goiter, which is an enlargement of the
thyroid gland? - ANSWER✔✔ Lack of iodine in the diet → diminished production
of T3 and T4 → increased release of TSH → growth (enlargement) of the thyroid
gland → goiter.
What are the secretory products of (1) parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and
(2) chief (principal) cells of the parathyroid glands? - ANSWER✔✔ Parafollicular
cells of the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin; chief (principal) cells of the
parathyroid gland secrete PTH.
What are the primary target tissues for PTH, CT, and calcitriol? - ANSWER✔✔
Target tissues for PTH are bones and the kidneys; target tissue for CT is bone;
target tissue for calcitriol is the GI tract.
What is the position of the adrenal glands relative to the kidneys? - ANSWER✔✔
The adrenal glands are superior to the kidneys in the retroperitoneal space.
, If a heart transplant patient receives prednisone (a glucocorticoid) to help prevent
rejection of the transplanted tissue, will blood levels of ACTH and CRH be high or
low? Explain. - ANSWER✔✔ A transplant recipient who takes prednisone will
have low blood levels of ACTH and CRH due to negative feedback suppression of
the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus by the prednisone.
Is the pancreas an exocrine gland or an endocrine gland? - ANSWER✔✔ The
pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland.
Does glycogenolysis increase or decrease blood glucose level? - ANSWER✔✔
Glycogenolysis is the conversion of glycogen into glucose and therefore it
increases blood glucose level.
What is the basic difference between the stress response and homeostasis? -
ANSWER✔✔ Homeostasis maintains controlled conditions typical of a normal
internal environment; the stress response resets controlled conditions at a different
level to cope with various stressors.
Which endocrine gland develops from tissues with two different embryological
origins? - ANSWER✔✔ The adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland is derived from
mesoderm, while the adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland is derived from
ectoderm.
Which endocrine disorder is due to antibodies that mimic the action of TSH? -
ANSWER✔✔ Antibodies that mimic the action of TSH are produced in Graves
disease.
