theimportanceofgeneticdiversitythroughsexualreproduction,andtheimplicationsofcellcycleabnormalitiesinhealthanddisease.Itbuildsuponfoundationalknowledgeofcellstructureandmetabolismandpreparess
tudentsforfurtherexplorationintogenetics,developmentalbiology,andphysiologicalmechanismscoveredinsubsequentchaptersofthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthesetopicsorwouldlikemo
redetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter8,feelfreetoask!Chapter9:MeiosisandtheGeneticBasisofSexualReproductionChapter9of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,
titled"MeiosisandtheGeneticBasisofSexualReproduction,"typicallyfocusesontheprocessesofmeiosis,geneticvariation,andtherolestheseplayinsexualreproduction.Here’sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinth
ischapter:**IntroductiontoMeiosis**:Definitionofmeiosisasaspecializedtypeofcelldivisionthatproduceshaploidgametes(spermandeggs)fromdiploidgermcells.**PurposeofMeiosis**:Explanationofthebiol
ogicalsignificanceofmeiosisinsexualreproduction,includingthegenerationofgeneticdiversityandthereductionofchromosomenumber.**ComparisonofMeiosisandMitosis**:Contrastbetweenmitosisandmeio
sisintermsof:Numberofdivisions(oneinmitosis,twoinmeiosis).Productionofdaughtercells(geneticallyidenticalinmitosis,geneticallyvariableinmeiosis).Roleinmulticellularorganisms(growthandrepairinmitos
is,gameteproductioninmeiosis).**PhasesofMeiosis**:Detailedexplanationofthestagesofmeiosis:**MeiosisI**:ProphaseI(crossingoverandsynapsis),metaphaseI,anaphaseI,telophaseI.**MeiosisII**:Simil
artomitosisbutwithhaploidcells.**GeneticVariationandCrossingOver**:Mechanismsthatcontributetogeneticdiversityduringmeiosis,includingcrossingover(exchangeofgeneticmaterialbetweenhomologous
chromosomes)andindependentassortmentofchromosomes.**FertilizationandGeneticDiversity**:Howfertilizationco
Instructor Manual For
Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024,
Chapter 1: Why Environmental Geology Matters
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter .............................................................................................. 2
Chapter Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 2
What’s New in This Chapter ......................................................................................................................... 2
Chapter Outline.................................................................................................................................. 2
PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER
The purpose of this chapter is to develop a base for students to understand the importance of
environmental geology. First, we explain what environmental geology is and why it matters. Next, we
provide examples of major problems that are approached by environmental geologists. Finally, we
describe the scientific tools used by environmental geologists.
theimportanceofgeneticdiversitythroughsexualreproduction,andtheimplicationsofcellcycleabnormalitiesinhealthanddisease.Itbuildsuponfoundationalknowledgeofcellstructureandmetabolismand
preparesstudentsforfurtherexplorationintogenetics,developmentalbiology,andphysiologicalmechanismscoveredinsubsequentchaptersofthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthesetop
icsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter8,feelfreetoask!Chapter9:MeiosisandtheGeneticBasisofSexualReproductionChapter9of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMade
randMichaelWindelspecht,titled"MeiosisandtheGeneticBasisofSexualReproduction,"typicallyfocusesontheprocessesofmeiosis,geneticvariation,andtherolestheseplayinsexualreproduction.Here’s
anoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoMeiosis**:Definitionofmeiosisasaspecializedtypeofcelldivisionthatproduceshaploidgametes(spermandeggs)fromdiploidgermcells.
**PurposeofMeiosis**:Explanationofthebiologicalsignificanceofmeiosisinsexualreproduction,includingthegenerationofgeneticdiversityandthereductionofchromosomenumber.**Comparisonof
MeiosisandMitosis**:Contrastbetweenmitosisandmeiosisintermsof:Numberofdivisions(oneinmitosis,twoinmeiosis).Productionofdaughtercells(geneticallyidenticalinmitosis,geneticallyvariablei
nmeiosis).Roleinmulticellularorganisms(growthandrepairinmitosis,gameteproductioninmeiosis).**PhasesofMeiosis**:Detailedexplanationofthestagesofmeiosis:**MeiosisI**:ProphaseI(crossin
goverandsynapsis),metaphaseI,anaphaseI,telophaseI.**MeiosisII**:Similartomitosisbutwithhaploidcells.**GeneticVariationandCrossingOver**:Mechanismsthatcontributetogeneticdiversitydur
ingmeiosis,includingcrossingover(exchangeofgeneticmaterialbetweenhomologouschromosomes)andindependentassortmentofchromosomes.**FertilizationandGeneticDiversity**:Howfertilizati
onco
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
The following objectives are addressed in this chapter:
LO1 Explain what environmental geology is and why it matters
LO2 Give examples of major problems approached by environmental geologists
LO3 Describe the tools used by environmental geologists doing science
[return to top]
6
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part. 1
,WHAT’S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER
The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:
Updated examples of major environmental problems
New cases studies
[return to top]
CHAPTER OUTLINE
In the outline below, each element includes references (in parentheses) to related content. “CH.##” refers
to the chapter objective; “PPT Slide #” refers to the slide number in the PowerPoint deck for this chapter
(provided in the PowerPoints section of the Instructor Resource Center); and, as applicable for each
discipline, accreditation or certification standards (“BL 1.3.3”). Introduce the chapter and use the Ice
Breaker in the PPT if desired, and if one is provided for this chapter. Review learning objectives for
Chapter 1 (PPT slides 1-3).
theimportanceofgeneticdiversitythroughsexualreproduction,andtheimplicationsofcellcycleabnormalitiesinhealthanddisease.Itbuildsuponfoundationalknowledgeofcellstructureandmetabolismandpr
eparesstudentsforfurtherexplorationintogenetics,developmentalbiology,andphysiologicalmechanismscoveredinsubsequentchaptersofthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthesetopics
orwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter8,feelfreetoask!Chapter9:MeiosisandtheGeneticBasisofSexualReproductionChapter9of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderand
MichaelWindelspecht,titled"MeiosisandtheGeneticBasisofSexualReproduction,"typicallyfocusesontheprocessesofmeiosis,geneticvariation,andtherolestheseplayinsexualreproduction.Here’sanove
rviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoMeiosis**:Definitionofmeiosisasaspecializedtypeofcelldivisionthatproduceshaploidgametes(spermandeggs)fromdiploidgermcells.**Purp
oseofMeiosis**:Explanationofthebiologicalsignificanceofmeiosisinsexualreproduction,includingthegenerationofgeneticdiversityandthereductionofchromosomenumber.**ComparisonofMeiosisan
dMitosis**:Contrastbetweenmitosisandmeiosisintermsof:Numberofdivisions(oneinmitosis,twoinmeiosis).Productionofdaughtercells(geneticallyidenticalinmitosis,geneticallyvariableinmeiosis).R
oleinmulticellularorganisms(growthandrepairinmitosis,gameteproductioninmeiosis).**PhasesofMeiosis**:Detailedexplanationofthestagesofmeiosis:**MeiosisI**:ProphaseI(crossingoverandsyna
psis),metaphaseI,anaphaseI,telophaseI.**MeiosisII**:Similartomitosisbutwithhaploidcells.**GeneticVariationandCrossingOver**:Mechanismsthatcontributetogeneticdiversityduringmeiosis,incl
udingcrossingover(exchangeofgeneticmaterialbetweenhomologouschromosomes)andindependentassortmentofchromosomes.**FertilizationandGeneticDiversity**:Howfertilizationco
I. What is Environmental Geology and Who Are Environmental Geologists? (01.01, PPT Slides 3–5)
a. Environmental geology is an applied science that matters to billions of people around
the globe because it concerns real-life problems.
b. Environmental geologists are professionals who apply understanding of the natural
environment to identify potential problems for people and help solve those problems.
II. Environmental Geology: Why It Matters to You and the World? (01.02, PPT Slides 6–23)
a. The Newark Contaminant Plume
b. Fukushima: A Geological Nuclear Disaster
c. Warming Climate, Shifting Shores; Kiribati
d. Radon: The Silent Killer
e. Venice: A City Sinks
f. Pakistan: A Nation Drowns
g. Water Quality and Flooding in Jackson, Mississippi
h. Isolating Nuclear Waste in New Mexico
i. Lessons from These Situations
III. Tools of the Trade–Environmental Geology (01.03, PPT Slides 24–26)
a. Mapping: Fundamental to almost all aspects of environmental geology
b. Global positioning system (GPS) receivers
c. Sonar: Sound navigation and ranging
d. Radar: Radio signals for determining elevations and mapping topography.
e. Lidar: Light detection and ranging
IV. Case Study
6
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part. 2
, a. Environmental Justice: The Role of Environmental Geoscience
b. Love Canal: An Environmental Legislative Tipping Point
V. Summary
[return to top]
Instructor Manual
Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024,
Chapter 2: Earth as a System
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter .............................................................................................. 5
Chapter Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 5
What’s New in This Chapter ......................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter Outline.................................................................................................................................. 5
PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER
The purpose of this chapter is to develop a base for students to understand the Earth System and
explain why it is a favorable environment for life. First, we will explain the meaning of “plates” in the
Earth’s crust and why it is important. Next, we will explain why winds blow differently on Earth and the
connection between oceanic circulation and global climates. We will further define the concepts of
biogeochemical cycling. Finally, we will describe the importance of the biosphere development of
Earth’s environment from its earliest time.
theimportanceofgeneticdiversitythroughsexualreproduction,andtheimplicationsofcellcycleabnormalitiesinhealthanddisease.Itbuildsuponfoundationalknowledgeofcellstructureandmetabolismand
preparesstudentsforfurtherexplorationintogenetics,developmentalbiology,andphysiologicalmechanismscoveredinsubsequentchaptersofthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthesetop
icsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter8,feelfreetoask!Chapter9:MeiosisandtheGeneticBasisofSexualReproductionChapter9of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMade
randMichaelWindelspecht,titled"MeiosisandtheGeneticBasisofSexualReproduction,"typicallyfocusesontheprocessesofmeiosis,geneticvariation,andtherolestheseplayinsexualreproduction.Here’s
anoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoMeiosis**:Definitionofmeiosisasaspecializedtypeofcelldivisionthatproduceshaploidgametes(spermandeggs)fromdiploidgermcells.
**PurposeofMeiosis**:Explanationofthebiologicalsignificanceofmeiosisinsexualreproduction,includingthegenerationofgeneticdiversityandthereductionofchromosomenumber.**Comparisonof
MeiosisandMitosis**:Contrastbetweenmitosisandmeiosisintermsof:Numberofdivisions(oneinmitosis,twoinmeiosis).Productionofdaughtercells(geneticallyidenticalinmitosis,geneticallyvariablei
nmeiosis).Roleinmulticellularorganisms(growthandrepairinmitosis,gameteproductioninmeiosis).**PhasesofMeiosis**:Detailedexplanationofthestagesofmeiosis:**MeiosisI**:ProphaseI(crossin
goverandsynapsis),metaphaseI,anaphaseI,telophaseI.**MeiosisII**:Similartomitosisbutwithhaploidcells.**GeneticVariationandCrossingOver**:Mechanismsthatcontributetogeneticdiversitydur
ingmeiosis,includingcrossingover(exchangeofgeneticmaterialbetweenhomologouschromosomes)andindependentassortmentofchromosomes.**FertilizationandGeneticDiversity**:Howfertilizati
onco
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
The following objectives are addressed in this chapter:
LO1 Define the Earth System and explain why it is a favorable environment for life
LO2 Explain the meaning of the “plates” in Earth’s crust, and why their behavior is important to us
LO3 Explain why winds blow in the directions that they do on different parts of Earth
LO4 Describe the connection between oceanic circulation and global climates
LO5 Define the concept of biogeochemical cycling and provide one example
6
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part. 3
, LO6 Describe the importance of the biosphere in the development of Earth’s environment from
earliest time
[return to top]
WHAT’S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER
The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:
Updated examples of major environmental problems
New cases studies
theimportanceofgeneticdiversitythroughsexualreproduction,andtheimplicationsofcellcycleabnormalitiesinhealthanddisease.Itbuildsuponfoundationalknowledgeofcellstructureandmetabolis
mandpreparesstudentsforfurtherexplorationintogenetics,developmentalbiology,andphysiologicalmechanismscoveredinsubsequentchaptersofthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsabouta
nyofthesetopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter8,feelfreetoask!Chapter9:MeiosisandtheGeneticBasisofSexualReproductionChapter9of"EssentialsofBiol
ogy"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"MeiosisandtheGeneticBasisofSexualReproduction,"typicallyfocusesontheprocessesofmeiosis,geneticvariation,andtherolestheseplayins
exualreproduction.Here’sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoMeiosis**:Definitionofmeiosisasaspecializedtypeofcelldivisionthatproduceshaploidgametes(sperm
andeggs)fromdiploidgermcells.**PurposeofMeiosis**:Explanationofthebiologicalsignificanceofmeiosisinsexualreproduction,includingthegenerationofgeneticdiversityandthereductionofch
romosomenumber.**ComparisonofMeiosisandMitosis**:Contrastbetweenmitosisandmeiosisintermsof:Numberofdivisions(oneinmitosis,twoinmeiosis).Productionofdaughtercells(genetica
llyidenticalinmitosis,geneticallyvariableinmeiosis).Roleinmulticellularorganisms(growthandrepairinmitosis,gameteproductioninmeiosis).**PhasesofMeiosis**:Detailedexplanationofthest
agesofmeiosis:**MeiosisI**:ProphaseI(crossingoverandsynapsis),metaphaseI,anaphaseI,telophaseI.**MeiosisII**:Similartomitosisbutwithhaploidcells.**GeneticVariationandCrossingOv
er**:Mechanismsthatcontributetogeneticdiversityduringmeiosis,includingcrossingover(exchangeofgeneticmaterialbetweenhomologouschromosomes)andindependentassortmentofchromos
omes.**FertilizationandGeneticDiversity**:Howfertilizationco
[return to top]
CHAPTER OUTLINE
In the outline below, each element includes references (in parentheses) to related content. “CH.##” refers
to the chapter objective; “PPT Slide #” refers to the slide number in the PowerPoint deck for this chapter
(provided in the PowerPoints section of the Instructor Resource Center); and, as applicable for each
discipline, accreditation, or certification standards (“BL 1.3.3”). Introduce the chapter and use the Ice
Breaker in the PPT if desired, and if one is provided for this chapter. Review learning objectives for
Chapter 2 (PPT Slides 1-3).
I. Earth as a System (02.01, PPT Slides 4–8)
c. Earth as a System: The Spheres
d. Energy and Temperature in the Earth System
II. The Geosphere: Land Building on a Large Scale (02.02, PPT Slides 9–14)
j. How the Geosphere Came to be
k. The Layered Earth
ndMichaelWindelspecht,titled"DarwinandEvolution,"typicallyexplorestheprinciplesofevolution,itsmechanisms,andthecontributionsofCharlesDarwintoevolutionarytheory.Here’sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindi
nthischapter:**IntroductiontoEvolution**:Definitionofevolutionastheprocessofchangeovertimeinpopulationsoforganisms,leadingtothediversityoflifeonEarth.**Darwin'sContributions**:OverviewofCharlesDar
win'sobservationsandinsightsthatledtothedevelopmentofthetheoryofevolutionbynaturalselection:**VoyageoftheBeagle**:Darwin'stravelsandobservationsofbiodiversityandgeologicalformations.**NaturalSelecti
on**:MechanismproposedbyDarwintoexplainhowevolutionoccursthroughdifferentialsurvivalandreproductionoforganismswithadvantageoustraits.**EvidenceforEvolution**:Examinationofvariouslinesofeviden
cesupportingthetheoryofevolution:**FossilRecord**:Transitionalformsandpatternsofspecieschangeovertime.**Biogeography**:Distributionofspeciesandsimilaritiesamongorganismsondifferentcontinents.**Co
mparativeAnatomy**:Homologousstructuresandvestigialorgansamongdifferentspecies.**MolecularBiology**:SimilaritiesinDNA,RNA,andproteinsequencesamongorganismsindicatingcommonancestry.**Mec
hanismsofEvolution**:Explorationofprocessesthatdriveevolutionarychange:**NaturalSelection**:Differentialsurvivalandreproductionofindividualswithadvantageoustraits.**GeneticDrift**:Randomchangesina
llelefrequenciesinsmallpopulations.**GeneFlow**:Movementofgenesbetweenpopulationsthroughmigration.**Mutation**:Sourceofnewgeneticvariation.**ModernSynthesisofEvolutionaryTheory**:Integration
ofDarwinianevolutionwithgenetics(populationgenetics),explaininghowgeneticvariationandnaturalselectionshapeevolutionarypatterns.**PatternsandRatesofEvolution**:Examinationofevolutionarypatterns,inclu
ding:**AdaptiveRadiation**:Diversificationofasingleancestralspeciesintoavarietyofformsinresponsetodifferentenvironmentalniches.**ConvergentEvolution**:Independentevolutionofsimilartraitsindifferentline
ages.**Punctuated
l. Ups and Downs of a Dynamic Geosphere
m. Plate Tectonics
III. The Atmosphere: Earth’s Restless Outer Envelope (02.03, PPT Slides 15–24)
a. Atmospheric Structure
b. Patterns of Tropospheric Circulation
c. Weather
d. Climate
6
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part. 4
tudentsforfurtherexplorationintogenetics,developmentalbiology,andphysiologicalmechanismscoveredinsubsequentchaptersofthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthesetopicsorwouldlikemo
redetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter8,feelfreetoask!Chapter9:MeiosisandtheGeneticBasisofSexualReproductionChapter9of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,
titled"MeiosisandtheGeneticBasisofSexualReproduction,"typicallyfocusesontheprocessesofmeiosis,geneticvariation,andtherolestheseplayinsexualreproduction.Here’sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinth
ischapter:**IntroductiontoMeiosis**:Definitionofmeiosisasaspecializedtypeofcelldivisionthatproduceshaploidgametes(spermandeggs)fromdiploidgermcells.**PurposeofMeiosis**:Explanationofthebiol
ogicalsignificanceofmeiosisinsexualreproduction,includingthegenerationofgeneticdiversityandthereductionofchromosomenumber.**ComparisonofMeiosisandMitosis**:Contrastbetweenmitosisandmeio
sisintermsof:Numberofdivisions(oneinmitosis,twoinmeiosis).Productionofdaughtercells(geneticallyidenticalinmitosis,geneticallyvariableinmeiosis).Roleinmulticellularorganisms(growthandrepairinmitos
is,gameteproductioninmeiosis).**PhasesofMeiosis**:Detailedexplanationofthestagesofmeiosis:**MeiosisI**:ProphaseI(crossingoverandsynapsis),metaphaseI,anaphaseI,telophaseI.**MeiosisII**:Simil
artomitosisbutwithhaploidcells.**GeneticVariationandCrossingOver**:Mechanismsthatcontributetogeneticdiversityduringmeiosis,includingcrossingover(exchangeofgeneticmaterialbetweenhomologous
chromosomes)andindependentassortmentofchromosomes.**FertilizationandGeneticDiversity**:Howfertilizationco
Instructor Manual For
Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024,
Chapter 1: Why Environmental Geology Matters
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter .............................................................................................. 2
Chapter Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 2
What’s New in This Chapter ......................................................................................................................... 2
Chapter Outline.................................................................................................................................. 2
PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER
The purpose of this chapter is to develop a base for students to understand the importance of
environmental geology. First, we explain what environmental geology is and why it matters. Next, we
provide examples of major problems that are approached by environmental geologists. Finally, we
describe the scientific tools used by environmental geologists.
theimportanceofgeneticdiversitythroughsexualreproduction,andtheimplicationsofcellcycleabnormalitiesinhealthanddisease.Itbuildsuponfoundationalknowledgeofcellstructureandmetabolismand
preparesstudentsforfurtherexplorationintogenetics,developmentalbiology,andphysiologicalmechanismscoveredinsubsequentchaptersofthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthesetop
icsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter8,feelfreetoask!Chapter9:MeiosisandtheGeneticBasisofSexualReproductionChapter9of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMade
randMichaelWindelspecht,titled"MeiosisandtheGeneticBasisofSexualReproduction,"typicallyfocusesontheprocessesofmeiosis,geneticvariation,andtherolestheseplayinsexualreproduction.Here’s
anoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoMeiosis**:Definitionofmeiosisasaspecializedtypeofcelldivisionthatproduceshaploidgametes(spermandeggs)fromdiploidgermcells.
**PurposeofMeiosis**:Explanationofthebiologicalsignificanceofmeiosisinsexualreproduction,includingthegenerationofgeneticdiversityandthereductionofchromosomenumber.**Comparisonof
MeiosisandMitosis**:Contrastbetweenmitosisandmeiosisintermsof:Numberofdivisions(oneinmitosis,twoinmeiosis).Productionofdaughtercells(geneticallyidenticalinmitosis,geneticallyvariablei
nmeiosis).Roleinmulticellularorganisms(growthandrepairinmitosis,gameteproductioninmeiosis).**PhasesofMeiosis**:Detailedexplanationofthestagesofmeiosis:**MeiosisI**:ProphaseI(crossin
goverandsynapsis),metaphaseI,anaphaseI,telophaseI.**MeiosisII**:Similartomitosisbutwithhaploidcells.**GeneticVariationandCrossingOver**:Mechanismsthatcontributetogeneticdiversitydur
ingmeiosis,includingcrossingover(exchangeofgeneticmaterialbetweenhomologouschromosomes)andindependentassortmentofchromosomes.**FertilizationandGeneticDiversity**:Howfertilizati
onco
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
The following objectives are addressed in this chapter:
LO1 Explain what environmental geology is and why it matters
LO2 Give examples of major problems approached by environmental geologists
LO3 Describe the tools used by environmental geologists doing science
[return to top]
6
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part. 1
,WHAT’S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER
The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:
Updated examples of major environmental problems
New cases studies
[return to top]
CHAPTER OUTLINE
In the outline below, each element includes references (in parentheses) to related content. “CH.##” refers
to the chapter objective; “PPT Slide #” refers to the slide number in the PowerPoint deck for this chapter
(provided in the PowerPoints section of the Instructor Resource Center); and, as applicable for each
discipline, accreditation or certification standards (“BL 1.3.3”). Introduce the chapter and use the Ice
Breaker in the PPT if desired, and if one is provided for this chapter. Review learning objectives for
Chapter 1 (PPT slides 1-3).
theimportanceofgeneticdiversitythroughsexualreproduction,andtheimplicationsofcellcycleabnormalitiesinhealthanddisease.Itbuildsuponfoundationalknowledgeofcellstructureandmetabolismandpr
eparesstudentsforfurtherexplorationintogenetics,developmentalbiology,andphysiologicalmechanismscoveredinsubsequentchaptersofthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthesetopics
orwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter8,feelfreetoask!Chapter9:MeiosisandtheGeneticBasisofSexualReproductionChapter9of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderand
MichaelWindelspecht,titled"MeiosisandtheGeneticBasisofSexualReproduction,"typicallyfocusesontheprocessesofmeiosis,geneticvariation,andtherolestheseplayinsexualreproduction.Here’sanove
rviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoMeiosis**:Definitionofmeiosisasaspecializedtypeofcelldivisionthatproduceshaploidgametes(spermandeggs)fromdiploidgermcells.**Purp
oseofMeiosis**:Explanationofthebiologicalsignificanceofmeiosisinsexualreproduction,includingthegenerationofgeneticdiversityandthereductionofchromosomenumber.**ComparisonofMeiosisan
dMitosis**:Contrastbetweenmitosisandmeiosisintermsof:Numberofdivisions(oneinmitosis,twoinmeiosis).Productionofdaughtercells(geneticallyidenticalinmitosis,geneticallyvariableinmeiosis).R
oleinmulticellularorganisms(growthandrepairinmitosis,gameteproductioninmeiosis).**PhasesofMeiosis**:Detailedexplanationofthestagesofmeiosis:**MeiosisI**:ProphaseI(crossingoverandsyna
psis),metaphaseI,anaphaseI,telophaseI.**MeiosisII**:Similartomitosisbutwithhaploidcells.**GeneticVariationandCrossingOver**:Mechanismsthatcontributetogeneticdiversityduringmeiosis,incl
udingcrossingover(exchangeofgeneticmaterialbetweenhomologouschromosomes)andindependentassortmentofchromosomes.**FertilizationandGeneticDiversity**:Howfertilizationco
I. What is Environmental Geology and Who Are Environmental Geologists? (01.01, PPT Slides 3–5)
a. Environmental geology is an applied science that matters to billions of people around
the globe because it concerns real-life problems.
b. Environmental geologists are professionals who apply understanding of the natural
environment to identify potential problems for people and help solve those problems.
II. Environmental Geology: Why It Matters to You and the World? (01.02, PPT Slides 6–23)
a. The Newark Contaminant Plume
b. Fukushima: A Geological Nuclear Disaster
c. Warming Climate, Shifting Shores; Kiribati
d. Radon: The Silent Killer
e. Venice: A City Sinks
f. Pakistan: A Nation Drowns
g. Water Quality and Flooding in Jackson, Mississippi
h. Isolating Nuclear Waste in New Mexico
i. Lessons from These Situations
III. Tools of the Trade–Environmental Geology (01.03, PPT Slides 24–26)
a. Mapping: Fundamental to almost all aspects of environmental geology
b. Global positioning system (GPS) receivers
c. Sonar: Sound navigation and ranging
d. Radar: Radio signals for determining elevations and mapping topography.
e. Lidar: Light detection and ranging
IV. Case Study
6
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part. 2
, a. Environmental Justice: The Role of Environmental Geoscience
b. Love Canal: An Environmental Legislative Tipping Point
V. Summary
[return to top]
Instructor Manual
Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024,
Chapter 2: Earth as a System
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter .............................................................................................. 5
Chapter Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 5
What’s New in This Chapter ......................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter Outline.................................................................................................................................. 5
PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER
The purpose of this chapter is to develop a base for students to understand the Earth System and
explain why it is a favorable environment for life. First, we will explain the meaning of “plates” in the
Earth’s crust and why it is important. Next, we will explain why winds blow differently on Earth and the
connection between oceanic circulation and global climates. We will further define the concepts of
biogeochemical cycling. Finally, we will describe the importance of the biosphere development of
Earth’s environment from its earliest time.
theimportanceofgeneticdiversitythroughsexualreproduction,andtheimplicationsofcellcycleabnormalitiesinhealthanddisease.Itbuildsuponfoundationalknowledgeofcellstructureandmetabolismand
preparesstudentsforfurtherexplorationintogenetics,developmentalbiology,andphysiologicalmechanismscoveredinsubsequentchaptersofthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthesetop
icsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter8,feelfreetoask!Chapter9:MeiosisandtheGeneticBasisofSexualReproductionChapter9of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMade
randMichaelWindelspecht,titled"MeiosisandtheGeneticBasisofSexualReproduction,"typicallyfocusesontheprocessesofmeiosis,geneticvariation,andtherolestheseplayinsexualreproduction.Here’s
anoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoMeiosis**:Definitionofmeiosisasaspecializedtypeofcelldivisionthatproduceshaploidgametes(spermandeggs)fromdiploidgermcells.
**PurposeofMeiosis**:Explanationofthebiologicalsignificanceofmeiosisinsexualreproduction,includingthegenerationofgeneticdiversityandthereductionofchromosomenumber.**Comparisonof
MeiosisandMitosis**:Contrastbetweenmitosisandmeiosisintermsof:Numberofdivisions(oneinmitosis,twoinmeiosis).Productionofdaughtercells(geneticallyidenticalinmitosis,geneticallyvariablei
nmeiosis).Roleinmulticellularorganisms(growthandrepairinmitosis,gameteproductioninmeiosis).**PhasesofMeiosis**:Detailedexplanationofthestagesofmeiosis:**MeiosisI**:ProphaseI(crossin
goverandsynapsis),metaphaseI,anaphaseI,telophaseI.**MeiosisII**:Similartomitosisbutwithhaploidcells.**GeneticVariationandCrossingOver**:Mechanismsthatcontributetogeneticdiversitydur
ingmeiosis,includingcrossingover(exchangeofgeneticmaterialbetweenhomologouschromosomes)andindependentassortmentofchromosomes.**FertilizationandGeneticDiversity**:Howfertilizati
onco
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
The following objectives are addressed in this chapter:
LO1 Define the Earth System and explain why it is a favorable environment for life
LO2 Explain the meaning of the “plates” in Earth’s crust, and why their behavior is important to us
LO3 Explain why winds blow in the directions that they do on different parts of Earth
LO4 Describe the connection between oceanic circulation and global climates
LO5 Define the concept of biogeochemical cycling and provide one example
6
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part. 3
, LO6 Describe the importance of the biosphere in the development of Earth’s environment from
earliest time
[return to top]
WHAT’S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER
The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:
Updated examples of major environmental problems
New cases studies
theimportanceofgeneticdiversitythroughsexualreproduction,andtheimplicationsofcellcycleabnormalitiesinhealthanddisease.Itbuildsuponfoundationalknowledgeofcellstructureandmetabolis
mandpreparesstudentsforfurtherexplorationintogenetics,developmentalbiology,andphysiologicalmechanismscoveredinsubsequentchaptersofthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsabouta
nyofthesetopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter8,feelfreetoask!Chapter9:MeiosisandtheGeneticBasisofSexualReproductionChapter9of"EssentialsofBiol
ogy"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"MeiosisandtheGeneticBasisofSexualReproduction,"typicallyfocusesontheprocessesofmeiosis,geneticvariation,andtherolestheseplayins
exualreproduction.Here’sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoMeiosis**:Definitionofmeiosisasaspecializedtypeofcelldivisionthatproduceshaploidgametes(sperm
andeggs)fromdiploidgermcells.**PurposeofMeiosis**:Explanationofthebiologicalsignificanceofmeiosisinsexualreproduction,includingthegenerationofgeneticdiversityandthereductionofch
romosomenumber.**ComparisonofMeiosisandMitosis**:Contrastbetweenmitosisandmeiosisintermsof:Numberofdivisions(oneinmitosis,twoinmeiosis).Productionofdaughtercells(genetica
llyidenticalinmitosis,geneticallyvariableinmeiosis).Roleinmulticellularorganisms(growthandrepairinmitosis,gameteproductioninmeiosis).**PhasesofMeiosis**:Detailedexplanationofthest
agesofmeiosis:**MeiosisI**:ProphaseI(crossingoverandsynapsis),metaphaseI,anaphaseI,telophaseI.**MeiosisII**:Similartomitosisbutwithhaploidcells.**GeneticVariationandCrossingOv
er**:Mechanismsthatcontributetogeneticdiversityduringmeiosis,includingcrossingover(exchangeofgeneticmaterialbetweenhomologouschromosomes)andindependentassortmentofchromos
omes.**FertilizationandGeneticDiversity**:Howfertilizationco
[return to top]
CHAPTER OUTLINE
In the outline below, each element includes references (in parentheses) to related content. “CH.##” refers
to the chapter objective; “PPT Slide #” refers to the slide number in the PowerPoint deck for this chapter
(provided in the PowerPoints section of the Instructor Resource Center); and, as applicable for each
discipline, accreditation, or certification standards (“BL 1.3.3”). Introduce the chapter and use the Ice
Breaker in the PPT if desired, and if one is provided for this chapter. Review learning objectives for
Chapter 2 (PPT Slides 1-3).
I. Earth as a System (02.01, PPT Slides 4–8)
c. Earth as a System: The Spheres
d. Energy and Temperature in the Earth System
II. The Geosphere: Land Building on a Large Scale (02.02, PPT Slides 9–14)
j. How the Geosphere Came to be
k. The Layered Earth
ndMichaelWindelspecht,titled"DarwinandEvolution,"typicallyexplorestheprinciplesofevolution,itsmechanisms,andthecontributionsofCharlesDarwintoevolutionarytheory.Here’sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindi
nthischapter:**IntroductiontoEvolution**:Definitionofevolutionastheprocessofchangeovertimeinpopulationsoforganisms,leadingtothediversityoflifeonEarth.**Darwin'sContributions**:OverviewofCharlesDar
win'sobservationsandinsightsthatledtothedevelopmentofthetheoryofevolutionbynaturalselection:**VoyageoftheBeagle**:Darwin'stravelsandobservationsofbiodiversityandgeologicalformations.**NaturalSelecti
on**:MechanismproposedbyDarwintoexplainhowevolutionoccursthroughdifferentialsurvivalandreproductionoforganismswithadvantageoustraits.**EvidenceforEvolution**:Examinationofvariouslinesofeviden
cesupportingthetheoryofevolution:**FossilRecord**:Transitionalformsandpatternsofspecieschangeovertime.**Biogeography**:Distributionofspeciesandsimilaritiesamongorganismsondifferentcontinents.**Co
mparativeAnatomy**:Homologousstructuresandvestigialorgansamongdifferentspecies.**MolecularBiology**:SimilaritiesinDNA,RNA,andproteinsequencesamongorganismsindicatingcommonancestry.**Mec
hanismsofEvolution**:Explorationofprocessesthatdriveevolutionarychange:**NaturalSelection**:Differentialsurvivalandreproductionofindividualswithadvantageoustraits.**GeneticDrift**:Randomchangesina
llelefrequenciesinsmallpopulations.**GeneFlow**:Movementofgenesbetweenpopulationsthroughmigration.**Mutation**:Sourceofnewgeneticvariation.**ModernSynthesisofEvolutionaryTheory**:Integration
ofDarwinianevolutionwithgenetics(populationgenetics),explaininghowgeneticvariationandnaturalselectionshapeevolutionarypatterns.**PatternsandRatesofEvolution**:Examinationofevolutionarypatterns,inclu
ding:**AdaptiveRadiation**:Diversificationofasingleancestralspeciesintoavarietyofformsinresponsetodifferentenvironmentalniches.**ConvergentEvolution**:Independentevolutionofsimilartraitsindifferentline
ages.**Punctuated
l. Ups and Downs of a Dynamic Geosphere
m. Plate Tectonics
III. The Atmosphere: Earth’s Restless Outer Envelope (02.03, PPT Slides 15–24)
a. Atmospheric Structure
b. Patterns of Tropospheric Circulation
c. Weather
d. Climate
6
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part. 4
