Clinical Psychology Exam Graded A 2025

Motivational Interviewing - Correct Ans-Communication style that uses specific skills and techniques that are motivational rather than judgmental in nature. Self-Efficacy Theory - Correct Ans-Albert Bandura, 1968: Motivation, ability and confidence lead to behavioral change Wheel of Change - Correct Ans-Pre-contemplation, contemplation, determination/preparation, action, maintenance and relapse What does the acronym RULE stand for? (Guiding principles of Motivational Interviewing) - Correct Ans-Resist, Understand, Listen, Empower What does the acronym OARS stand for? (Guiding principles of Motivational Interviewing) - Correct Ans-Open-ended questions, Affirm the client, Reflective listening, Summarizing Express empathy - Correct Ans-acceptance facilitates change, skillful reflective listening is fundamental, ambivalence is normal, engagement and rapport help to establish a working alliance with the person. Develop discrepancy - Correct Ans-awareness of consequences is important, discrepancy between current behavior and goals important to the individual motivates change, let the person present the arguments for change. Roll with resistance - Correct Ans-arguments are counterproductive, defending breeds defensiveness, getting resistance..change strategies, labeling us unnecessary and harmful. Support self-efficacy - Correct Ans-belief in possibility of change is an important motivator, person is responsible for choosing and carrying out personal change, there is hope in the range of alternative approaches Change Talk - Correct Ans-statements by the client revealing consideration or, motivation for, or commitment to change (what we are aiming for) What does the acronym DARN CAT stand for (preparatory and implementing change talk) - Correct Ans-Desire (i want to change) Ability ( i can change) Reason (it's important to change) Need (i should change) Commitment (i will make changes) Activation (i am ready, prepared and willing to make change) Taking steps (i am taking specific actions to change) What are some strategies for evoking change talk? - Correct Ans-Ask evocative questions Explore decisional balance Good things/ not so good things Ask for elaboration/examples Look back Look forward Query extremes Use change rulers (scale 1-10 etc.) Explore goals and values Come alongside Classical Conditioning (who, when, what, first example) - Correct Ans-Ivan Pavlov, 1897: a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone - dog training Stimulus Generalization vs Discrimination - Correct Ans-Stimulus Generalization: the tendency for stimuli to a conditioned stimulus to evoke the conditioned response Stimulus Discrimination: the process by which organisms learn to respond to certain stimuli but no to others Operant Conditioning (who, when, what, first example) - Correct Ans-Edward Thorndike (revised by B.F. Skinner), 1898: a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior. Through operant conditioning, behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated, and behavior that is punished will rarely occur. - Skinner's box BF Skinner's Approach - Correct Ans-personality is a collection of learned behavioral patterns. Infinitely changeable through the process of learning new behavioral patterns. Shaping and Chaining (Operant Conditioning) - Correct Ans-Shaping: technique in which closer and closer approximations to the desired behavior are required for the delivery of positive reinforcement Chaining: procedure that establishes a sequence of responses that lead to a reward following the terminal or final response in the chain Continuous Reinforcement (Operant Conditioning) - Correct Ans-reinforcement occurs after every response Partial Reinforcement (Operant Conditioning) - Correct Ans-Partial: reinforcement occurs after some but not all responses Ratio: every nth response is reinforced Interval: first response after some interval results in reinforcement Learned Helplessness and Avoidance - Correct Ans-Learned Helplessness: an organism exposed to an aversive stimulus for which there is no escape will eventually stop trying Avoidance: result of learned helplessness, when people avoid the situations they are afraid of Observational Learning Theory (who, when, what, first example) - Correct Ans-Albert Bandura, 1961: suggests that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others - Bobo doll experiment Humanistic Approach - Correct Ans-Reflect a positive view of human nature that regards people as essentially rational, healthy, and good and have innate capacity for personal growth and fulfillment Free Will - Correct Ans-people are free to make choices and decisions about their own lives Phenomenological Perspective - Correct Ans-regards a person's perceptions of reality as being the primary determinant of how the person feels and acts Person-Centered Therapy (who, when, what) - Correct Ans-Carl Rogers, early 1940's: the idea that people are inherently motivated toward achieving positive psychological functioning. Three parts of P-C Therapy - Correct Ans-(1) congruence (genuineness or realness), (2) unconditional positive regard (acceptance and caring), and (3) accurate empathic understanding (an ability to deeply grasp the subjective world of another person). Gestalt Therapy (who, when, what) - Correct Ans-Fritz Perls (contributions by Laura Perls and Paul Goodman, 1930's: centered on increasing a person's awareness, freedom, and self-direction. Cognitive Model - Correct Ans-Early Experience → Core Beliefs → Intermediate Beliefs → Automatic Thoughts Psychological Report - Correct Ans-A summary of a client's assessment results that is often geared toward other professionals. Frequently written by a psychologist, atypical report includes background information, behavioral observations, test results and interpretations, recommendations, and a summary. Clinical Interview - Correct Ans-a procedure in which questions are adjusted in accord with the answers the interviewee provides Mental Status Exam - Correct Ans-a set of interview questions and observations designed to reveal the degree and nature of a client's abnormal functioning Behavioral Presentation considers: - Correct Ans-appearance, behavioral/psychomotor activities, alertness, speech, facial expressions, attitude toward examiner Mood and Affect: - Correct Ans-Mood: how a person claims to be feeling Affect: how a person appears to be feeling When discussing Thought Process, there are two terms to be aware of: - Correct Ans-Deficits of Association: the way words are connected together Abnormal Rate/Rhythm: an unusual sp