PSIO 305 STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔CALCIUM LEVEL IN BLOOD - ✔✔8.5-11 MG
✔✔PH LEVEL - ✔✔7.4
✔✔GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD - ✔✔90 MG
✔✔FICK'S DIFFUSION EQUATION - ✔✔KA * ((P2-P1)/D)
✔✔AN ____________ IN AREA LEADS TO AN INCREASE IN THE RATE OF
DIFFUSION - ✔✔INCREASE
✔✔AN ____________ IN CONCENTRATION GRADIENT LEADS TO AN INCREASE
IN DIFFUSION RATE - ✔✔INCREASE
✔✔AN ____________ IN DIFFUSION DISTANCE LEADS TO A DECREASE IN
DIFFUSION RATE - ✔✔INCREASE
✔✔WHAT MAXIMIZES DIFFUSION RATES? - ✔✔HIGH SURFACE AREA AND
SMALL DISTANCE
✔✔CONDUCTION - ✔✔DIRECT MOLECULAR TRANSFER OF ENERGY FROM A
WARMER SURFACE TO A COOLER SURFACE
✔✔CONVECTION - ✔✔CONDUCTION COUPLED TO AIR OR FLUID MOVEMENT
(EX. WIND CHILL)
✔✔RADIATION - ✔✔EMISSION OF PHOTONS FROM ANY SURFACE ABOVE A
TEMPERATURE ABSOLUTE ZERO
✔✔EVAPORATION - ✔✔CHANGE OF STATE OF WATER FROM A LIQUID TO A
VAPOR
✔✔BONDS AT HIGH TEMPERATURE - ✔✔LESS HYDROGEN BONDS, MORE
HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTION
✔✔ENZYME TEMPERATURE CHANGES - ✔✔STRUCTURE, ENZYME-SUBSTRATE
AFFINITY, STRUCTUAL SHIFTS
✔✔MEMBRANE TEMPERATURE CHANGES - ✔✔CAUSE MEMBRANE TO SOLIDIFY
OR LIQUEFY
,✔✔LOW FLUIDITY MEMBRANE - ✔✔LONG CHAINS, SATURATED, NON-POLAR
HEADS
✔✔HIGH FLUIDITY MEMBRANE - ✔✔SHORT CHAINS, UNSATURATED, POLAR
HEADS
✔✔WARM ADAPTED MEMBRANE - ✔✔HIGHLY SATURATED
CLOSE STACKING
THERMOSTABILITY
✔✔COLD ADAPTED MEMBRANE - ✔✔UNSATURATED
DOUBLE BONDS = NO STACK
FLEXIBLE
✔✔ANIMALS ADAPTED TO HIGHER TEMPERATURES HAVE __________
CHOLESTEROL AND __________ SATURATED FATTY ACIDS - ✔✔MORE
MORE
✔✔ANIMALS ADAPTED TO HIGHER TEMPERATURES HAVE ENZYMES WITH
___________ THERMAL OPTIMA AND _________ CATALYTIC RATES - ✔✔HIGHER
LOWER
✔✔Q10 - ✔✔Q10 = (KT+10)/(KT)
✔✔WHAT DOES A HIGHER Q10 MEAN? - ✔✔HIGHER SENSITIVITY TO
TEMPERATURE
✔✔BODY HEAT = - ✔✔HEAT PRODUCED + HEAT GAINED - HEAT LOST
✔✔HEAT FLUX EQUATION - ✔✔Q = HA (THOT-TCOLD)/D
✔✔PROXIMATE - ✔✔HOW?
✔✔ULTIMATE - ✔✔WHY?
✔✔REGULATOR - ✔✔USES MECHANISMS OF HOMEOSTASIS TO MODERATE
CHANGES IN INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT, EVEN THOUGH EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT MIGHT BE CHANGING
✔✔CONFORMER - ✔✔ALLOW BODY PARAMETERS TO TRACK THOSE OF
ENVIRONMENT
✔✔ENDOTHERM - ✔✔MAMMALS AND BIRDS
, USE METABOLIC HEAT TO MAINTAIN A HIGH STABLE BODY TEMPERATURE
THAT DIFFERS FROM THAT OF THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT
✔✔ECTOTHERM - ✔✔REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS, FISH, INSECTS
USE ENERGY FROM THE ENVIRONMENT TO ADJUST BODY TEMPERATURE
REGULATE AND/OR CONFORM
✔✔HOMEOTHERM - ✔✔KEEP BODY TEMPERATURE CONSTANT
✔✔HETEROTHERM - ✔✔ALLOW BODY TEMPERATURE TO FLUCTUATE
✔✔POIKILOTHERMS - ✔✔AN ORGANISM THAT CAN'T REGULATE ITS BODY
TEMPERATURE EXCEPT BY BEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS
✔✔METHODS OF TEMPERATURE REGULATION - ✔✔GAIN EXTERNAL HEAT
AVOID HEAT LOSS
RETAIN INTERNAL HEAT
GENERATE MORE INTERNAL HEAT
LOSE EXCESS INTERNAL HEAT
AVOID HEAT GAIN
✔✔SHUNT - ✔✔PERIPHERAL BLOOD FLOW MANAGEMENT
COLD: SHUNT VESSELS DILATE
HOT: SHUNT VESSELS CONSTRICT
✔✔THERMAL WINDOW - ✔✔AN AREA OF AN ANIMAL'S BODY THAT HAS THE
ABILITY TO RADIATE A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF BODY HEAT RELATIVE TO
OTHER AREAS
✔✔NON-SHIVERING THERMOGENESIS - ✔✔METABOLIC PROCESS IN BROWN
ADIPOSE TISSUE
UNCOUPLING OF CELLULAR OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION FROM ATP
PRODUCTION
LOTS OF MITOCHONDRIA
✔✔TORPOR - ✔✔STATE OF DECREASED PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN AN
ANIMAL, USUALLY BY A REDUCED BODY TEMPERATURE AND METABOLIC
RATE, ENABLES ANIMALS TO SURVIVE PERIODS OF REDUCED FOOD
AVAILABILITY
✔✔HYPERTHERMIA - ✔✔OVER 38 C
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔CALCIUM LEVEL IN BLOOD - ✔✔8.5-11 MG
✔✔PH LEVEL - ✔✔7.4
✔✔GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD - ✔✔90 MG
✔✔FICK'S DIFFUSION EQUATION - ✔✔KA * ((P2-P1)/D)
✔✔AN ____________ IN AREA LEADS TO AN INCREASE IN THE RATE OF
DIFFUSION - ✔✔INCREASE
✔✔AN ____________ IN CONCENTRATION GRADIENT LEADS TO AN INCREASE
IN DIFFUSION RATE - ✔✔INCREASE
✔✔AN ____________ IN DIFFUSION DISTANCE LEADS TO A DECREASE IN
DIFFUSION RATE - ✔✔INCREASE
✔✔WHAT MAXIMIZES DIFFUSION RATES? - ✔✔HIGH SURFACE AREA AND
SMALL DISTANCE
✔✔CONDUCTION - ✔✔DIRECT MOLECULAR TRANSFER OF ENERGY FROM A
WARMER SURFACE TO A COOLER SURFACE
✔✔CONVECTION - ✔✔CONDUCTION COUPLED TO AIR OR FLUID MOVEMENT
(EX. WIND CHILL)
✔✔RADIATION - ✔✔EMISSION OF PHOTONS FROM ANY SURFACE ABOVE A
TEMPERATURE ABSOLUTE ZERO
✔✔EVAPORATION - ✔✔CHANGE OF STATE OF WATER FROM A LIQUID TO A
VAPOR
✔✔BONDS AT HIGH TEMPERATURE - ✔✔LESS HYDROGEN BONDS, MORE
HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTION
✔✔ENZYME TEMPERATURE CHANGES - ✔✔STRUCTURE, ENZYME-SUBSTRATE
AFFINITY, STRUCTUAL SHIFTS
✔✔MEMBRANE TEMPERATURE CHANGES - ✔✔CAUSE MEMBRANE TO SOLIDIFY
OR LIQUEFY
,✔✔LOW FLUIDITY MEMBRANE - ✔✔LONG CHAINS, SATURATED, NON-POLAR
HEADS
✔✔HIGH FLUIDITY MEMBRANE - ✔✔SHORT CHAINS, UNSATURATED, POLAR
HEADS
✔✔WARM ADAPTED MEMBRANE - ✔✔HIGHLY SATURATED
CLOSE STACKING
THERMOSTABILITY
✔✔COLD ADAPTED MEMBRANE - ✔✔UNSATURATED
DOUBLE BONDS = NO STACK
FLEXIBLE
✔✔ANIMALS ADAPTED TO HIGHER TEMPERATURES HAVE __________
CHOLESTEROL AND __________ SATURATED FATTY ACIDS - ✔✔MORE
MORE
✔✔ANIMALS ADAPTED TO HIGHER TEMPERATURES HAVE ENZYMES WITH
___________ THERMAL OPTIMA AND _________ CATALYTIC RATES - ✔✔HIGHER
LOWER
✔✔Q10 - ✔✔Q10 = (KT+10)/(KT)
✔✔WHAT DOES A HIGHER Q10 MEAN? - ✔✔HIGHER SENSITIVITY TO
TEMPERATURE
✔✔BODY HEAT = - ✔✔HEAT PRODUCED + HEAT GAINED - HEAT LOST
✔✔HEAT FLUX EQUATION - ✔✔Q = HA (THOT-TCOLD)/D
✔✔PROXIMATE - ✔✔HOW?
✔✔ULTIMATE - ✔✔WHY?
✔✔REGULATOR - ✔✔USES MECHANISMS OF HOMEOSTASIS TO MODERATE
CHANGES IN INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT, EVEN THOUGH EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT MIGHT BE CHANGING
✔✔CONFORMER - ✔✔ALLOW BODY PARAMETERS TO TRACK THOSE OF
ENVIRONMENT
✔✔ENDOTHERM - ✔✔MAMMALS AND BIRDS
, USE METABOLIC HEAT TO MAINTAIN A HIGH STABLE BODY TEMPERATURE
THAT DIFFERS FROM THAT OF THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT
✔✔ECTOTHERM - ✔✔REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS, FISH, INSECTS
USE ENERGY FROM THE ENVIRONMENT TO ADJUST BODY TEMPERATURE
REGULATE AND/OR CONFORM
✔✔HOMEOTHERM - ✔✔KEEP BODY TEMPERATURE CONSTANT
✔✔HETEROTHERM - ✔✔ALLOW BODY TEMPERATURE TO FLUCTUATE
✔✔POIKILOTHERMS - ✔✔AN ORGANISM THAT CAN'T REGULATE ITS BODY
TEMPERATURE EXCEPT BY BEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS
✔✔METHODS OF TEMPERATURE REGULATION - ✔✔GAIN EXTERNAL HEAT
AVOID HEAT LOSS
RETAIN INTERNAL HEAT
GENERATE MORE INTERNAL HEAT
LOSE EXCESS INTERNAL HEAT
AVOID HEAT GAIN
✔✔SHUNT - ✔✔PERIPHERAL BLOOD FLOW MANAGEMENT
COLD: SHUNT VESSELS DILATE
HOT: SHUNT VESSELS CONSTRICT
✔✔THERMAL WINDOW - ✔✔AN AREA OF AN ANIMAL'S BODY THAT HAS THE
ABILITY TO RADIATE A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF BODY HEAT RELATIVE TO
OTHER AREAS
✔✔NON-SHIVERING THERMOGENESIS - ✔✔METABOLIC PROCESS IN BROWN
ADIPOSE TISSUE
UNCOUPLING OF CELLULAR OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION FROM ATP
PRODUCTION
LOTS OF MITOCHONDRIA
✔✔TORPOR - ✔✔STATE OF DECREASED PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN AN
ANIMAL, USUALLY BY A REDUCED BODY TEMPERATURE AND METABOLIC
RATE, ENABLES ANIMALS TO SURVIVE PERIODS OF REDUCED FOOD
AVAILABILITY
✔✔HYPERTHERMIA - ✔✔OVER 38 C
