PHARM 180 REVISION EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔pharmacokinetics - ✔✔the study of drug movement throughout the body.
-determines route, timing, and dose of the med.
-absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion.
✔✔absorption - ✔✔transmission of medication from the location.
✔✔distribution - ✔✔drug moves around the body (from circulating fluids to the body
stream).
✔✔metabolism - ✔✔medication gets broken down.
✔✔excretion - ✔✔medication is removed from the body.
✔✔factors affecting drug absorption - ✔✔-route of administration.
-drug formulation.
-dosage.
-digestive motility.
-digestive tract enzymes.
-blood flow at administration site.
-degree of ionization of drug.
-pH of surrounding environment.
✔✔factors that affect metabolism - ✔✔-liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatitis).
-altered drug metabolism (lower capacity to metabolize meds).
-decreased drug metabolism rate.
-excess drug accumulation drug toxicity.
✔✔biotransformation - ✔✔-changing of drugs into less active or inactive forms by the
action of enzymes.
-occurs primarily in the liver, but also takes place in the kidneys, lungs, intestines, blood.
✔✔other factors affecting medication metabolism - ✔✔-age.
-metabolizing enzymes.
-first pass effect.
-similar metabolic pathways.
-nutritional status.
✔✔What is the first pass effect? - ✔✔Some drugs don't go directly into the systemic
circulation following oral absorption.
, ✔✔What organ removes a portion of a drug absorbed from the GI tract before it reaches
the bloodstream? - ✔✔The liver.
✔✔How does the first pass effect impact bioavailability? - ✔✔Bioavailability is drastically
reduced.
✔✔Do oral drugs have high or low bioavailability? - ✔✔Oral drugs have less
bioavailability.
✔✔What is the bioavailability of parenteral routes? - ✔✔Parenteral routes have 100%
bioavailability.
✔✔meds affected by first pass effect - ✔✔-capsules.
-tablets.
-elixirs.
-suspensions.
✔✔meds not affected by first pass effect - ✔✔-suppository.
-parenteral medications (IV, IM, transdermal, etc.).
-sublingual.
-buccal.
✔✔where is the primary site of excretion of drugs? - ✔✔kidneys.
✔✔plasma half life (t 1/2) - ✔✔-length of time needed to decrease drug plasma
concentration by one half.
-the greater the half life, the longer it takes to excrete.
-determines frequency and dosages.
✔✔half life examples - ✔✔aspirin 650 mg T 1.2 is 3 hours.
-3 hours after ingestion, 325 is eliminated.
6 hours after ingestion, an additional 162 mg is eliminated.
-repeated until 6th half life.
✔✔loading dose - ✔✔higher amount of drug given usually at the beginning of therapy.
-plateau reached faster.
-quickly produces therapeutic response.
✔✔maintenance dose - ✔✔keeps plasma drug concentration in therapeutic range.
✔✔pharmacodynamics - ✔✔how a medicine changes the body to produce an effect.
✔✔primary effect - ✔✔desired effect.
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔pharmacokinetics - ✔✔the study of drug movement throughout the body.
-determines route, timing, and dose of the med.
-absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion.
✔✔absorption - ✔✔transmission of medication from the location.
✔✔distribution - ✔✔drug moves around the body (from circulating fluids to the body
stream).
✔✔metabolism - ✔✔medication gets broken down.
✔✔excretion - ✔✔medication is removed from the body.
✔✔factors affecting drug absorption - ✔✔-route of administration.
-drug formulation.
-dosage.
-digestive motility.
-digestive tract enzymes.
-blood flow at administration site.
-degree of ionization of drug.
-pH of surrounding environment.
✔✔factors that affect metabolism - ✔✔-liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatitis).
-altered drug metabolism (lower capacity to metabolize meds).
-decreased drug metabolism rate.
-excess drug accumulation drug toxicity.
✔✔biotransformation - ✔✔-changing of drugs into less active or inactive forms by the
action of enzymes.
-occurs primarily in the liver, but also takes place in the kidneys, lungs, intestines, blood.
✔✔other factors affecting medication metabolism - ✔✔-age.
-metabolizing enzymes.
-first pass effect.
-similar metabolic pathways.
-nutritional status.
✔✔What is the first pass effect? - ✔✔Some drugs don't go directly into the systemic
circulation following oral absorption.
, ✔✔What organ removes a portion of a drug absorbed from the GI tract before it reaches
the bloodstream? - ✔✔The liver.
✔✔How does the first pass effect impact bioavailability? - ✔✔Bioavailability is drastically
reduced.
✔✔Do oral drugs have high or low bioavailability? - ✔✔Oral drugs have less
bioavailability.
✔✔What is the bioavailability of parenteral routes? - ✔✔Parenteral routes have 100%
bioavailability.
✔✔meds affected by first pass effect - ✔✔-capsules.
-tablets.
-elixirs.
-suspensions.
✔✔meds not affected by first pass effect - ✔✔-suppository.
-parenteral medications (IV, IM, transdermal, etc.).
-sublingual.
-buccal.
✔✔where is the primary site of excretion of drugs? - ✔✔kidneys.
✔✔plasma half life (t 1/2) - ✔✔-length of time needed to decrease drug plasma
concentration by one half.
-the greater the half life, the longer it takes to excrete.
-determines frequency and dosages.
✔✔half life examples - ✔✔aspirin 650 mg T 1.2 is 3 hours.
-3 hours after ingestion, 325 is eliminated.
6 hours after ingestion, an additional 162 mg is eliminated.
-repeated until 6th half life.
✔✔loading dose - ✔✔higher amount of drug given usually at the beginning of therapy.
-plateau reached faster.
-quickly produces therapeutic response.
✔✔maintenance dose - ✔✔keeps plasma drug concentration in therapeutic range.
✔✔pharmacodynamics - ✔✔how a medicine changes the body to produce an effect.
✔✔primary effect - ✔✔desired effect.
