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TEST BANK
A Concise Introduction to Logi
14th Edition by Hurley Chapter 1 to 1
TEST BANK
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TABLE OF CONTENTS yc yc yc
Part I: INFORMAL LOGIC. yc yc yc
1. Basic Concepts.
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Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions. Exercise. Recognizing Arguments. Exercise. Deduction and Induction. Exercise. Validity, Truth, Soundn
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, Strength, Cogency. Exercise. Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Extended Arguments. Exercise.
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2. Language: Meaning and Definition.
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Varieties of Meaning. Exercise. The Intension and Extension of Terms. Exercise. Definitions and Their Purposes. Exercise. Definitional Techniq
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s. Exercise. Criteria for Lexical Definitions. Exercise.
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3. Informal Fallacies.
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Fallacies in General. Exercise. Fallacies of Relevance. Exercise. Fallacies of Weak Induction. Exercise. Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity,
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d Illicit Transference. Exercise. Fallacies in Ordinary Language. Exercise.
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Part II: FORMAL LOGIC. yc yc yc
4. Categorical Propositions.
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The Components of Categorical Propositions. Exercise. Quality, Quantity, and Distribution. Exercise. Venn Diagrams and the Modern Squar
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f Opposition. Exercise. Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition. Exercise. The Traditional Square of Opposition. Exercise. Venn Diagram
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and the Traditional Standpoint. Exercise. Translating Ordinary Language Statements into Categorical Form. Exercise.
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5. Categorical Syllogisms.
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Standard Form, Mood, and Figure. Exercise. Venn Diagrams. Exercise. Rules and Fallacies. Exercise. Reducing the Number of Terms. Exerci
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Ordinary Language Arguments. Exercise. Enthymemes. Exercise. Sorites. Exercise.
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6. Propositional Logic.
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Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Truth Functions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Propositions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Arguments. Exercise. Ind
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ct Truth Tables. Exercise. Argument Forms and Fallacies. Exercise.
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7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic.
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Rules of Implication I. Exercise. Rules of Implication II. Exercise. Rules of Replacement I. Exercise. Rules of Replacement II. Exercise. Condition
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Proof. Exercise. Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Logical Truths. Exercise.
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8. Predicate Logic.
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Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Using the Rules of Inference. Exercise. Quantifier Negation Rule. Exercise. Conditional and Indirect Proo
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xercise. Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers. Exercise. Identity. Exercise.
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Part III: INDUCTIVE LOGIC. yc yc yc
9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning.
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Analogical Reasoning. Legal Reasoning. Moral Reasoning. Exercise. yc yc yc yc yc yc
10. Causality and Mill's Methods.
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,"Cause" and Necessary and Sufficient Conditions. Mill's Five Methods. Mill's Methods and Science. Exercise.
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11. Probability.
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Theories of Probability. The Probability Calculus. Exercise.
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12. Statistical Reasoning.
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Evaluating Statistics. Samples. The Meaning of "Average." Dispersion. Graphs and Pictograms. Percentages. Exercise.
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13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning.
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The Hypothetical Method. Hypothetical Reasoning: Four Examples from Science. The Proof of Hypotheses. The Tentative Acceptance of Hyp
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heses. Exercise.
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14. Science and Superstition.
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Distinguishing Between Science and Superstition. Evidentiary Support. Objectivity. Integrity. Abusing Science. Exercise.
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Answers to Selected Exercises.
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, Chapter 1 Test A yc yc yc
MULTIPLE CHOICE yc
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc
and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
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1.y c There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are working
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more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a typical
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woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity considered
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unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
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a. yArgument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
c yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc
b. Nonargument.
y c
c.
y Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
c yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
y c yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc
e.
y Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing less.
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ANS: D y c
PTS: y c 2
2.y c Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces other
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metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood pressure
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(which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme production
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(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that
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transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
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Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" yc yc yc yc yc yc
a. yArgument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic.
y c yc yc yc yc
c.
y Nonargument.
c
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
y c yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc
e.
y Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall information.
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ANS: C y c PTS: y c 2
3.y c Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose the
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proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of
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emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom who have
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the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule"
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whatever the situation. yc yc
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice yc yc yc yc yc yc
a. y Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
y c yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc
c.
y Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
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d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
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e.
y Nonargument.c
ANS: E y c PTS: y c 2
4.y c Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal income tax
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and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount these
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merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their
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employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
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immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
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a. yArgument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
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1
TEST BANK
A Concise Introduction to Logi
14th Edition by Hurley Chapter 1 to 1
TEST BANK
,yc
TABLE OF CONTENTS yc yc yc
Part I: INFORMAL LOGIC. yc yc yc
1. Basic Concepts.
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Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions. Exercise. Recognizing Arguments. Exercise. Deduction and Induction. Exercise. Validity, Truth, Soundn
yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc
, Strength, Cogency. Exercise. Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Extended Arguments. Exercise.
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2. Language: Meaning and Definition.
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Varieties of Meaning. Exercise. The Intension and Extension of Terms. Exercise. Definitions and Their Purposes. Exercise. Definitional Techniq
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s. Exercise. Criteria for Lexical Definitions. Exercise.
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3. Informal Fallacies.
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Fallacies in General. Exercise. Fallacies of Relevance. Exercise. Fallacies of Weak Induction. Exercise. Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity,
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d Illicit Transference. Exercise. Fallacies in Ordinary Language. Exercise.
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Part II: FORMAL LOGIC. yc yc yc
4. Categorical Propositions.
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The Components of Categorical Propositions. Exercise. Quality, Quantity, and Distribution. Exercise. Venn Diagrams and the Modern Squar
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f Opposition. Exercise. Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition. Exercise. The Traditional Square of Opposition. Exercise. Venn Diagram
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and the Traditional Standpoint. Exercise. Translating Ordinary Language Statements into Categorical Form. Exercise.
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5. Categorical Syllogisms.
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Standard Form, Mood, and Figure. Exercise. Venn Diagrams. Exercise. Rules and Fallacies. Exercise. Reducing the Number of Terms. Exerci
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Ordinary Language Arguments. Exercise. Enthymemes. Exercise. Sorites. Exercise.
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6. Propositional Logic.
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Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Truth Functions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Propositions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Arguments. Exercise. Ind
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ct Truth Tables. Exercise. Argument Forms and Fallacies. Exercise.
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7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic.
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Rules of Implication I. Exercise. Rules of Implication II. Exercise. Rules of Replacement I. Exercise. Rules of Replacement II. Exercise. Condition
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Proof. Exercise. Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Logical Truths. Exercise.
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8. Predicate Logic.
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Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Using the Rules of Inference. Exercise. Quantifier Negation Rule. Exercise. Conditional and Indirect Proo
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xercise. Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers. Exercise. Identity. Exercise.
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Part III: INDUCTIVE LOGIC. yc yc yc
9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning.
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Analogical Reasoning. Legal Reasoning. Moral Reasoning. Exercise. yc yc yc yc yc yc
10. Causality and Mill's Methods.
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,"Cause" and Necessary and Sufficient Conditions. Mill's Five Methods. Mill's Methods and Science. Exercise.
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11. Probability.
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Theories of Probability. The Probability Calculus. Exercise.
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12. Statistical Reasoning.
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Evaluating Statistics. Samples. The Meaning of "Average." Dispersion. Graphs and Pictograms. Percentages. Exercise.
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13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning.
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The Hypothetical Method. Hypothetical Reasoning: Four Examples from Science. The Proof of Hypotheses. The Tentative Acceptance of Hyp
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heses. Exercise.
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14. Science and Superstition.
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Distinguishing Between Science and Superstition. Evidentiary Support. Objectivity. Integrity. Abusing Science. Exercise.
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Answers to Selected Exercises.
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, Chapter 1 Test A yc yc yc
MULTIPLE CHOICE yc
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc
and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
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1.y c There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are working
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more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a typical
yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc
woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity considered
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unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
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a. yArgument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
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b. Nonargument.
y c
c.
y Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
c yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
y c yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc
e.
y Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing less.
c yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc
ANS: D y c
PTS: y c 2
2.y c Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces other
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metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood pressure
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(which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme production
yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc
(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that
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transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
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Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" yc yc yc yc yc yc
a. yArgument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic.
y c yc yc yc yc
c.
y Nonargument.
c
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
y c yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc
e.
y Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall information.
c yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc
ANS: C y c PTS: y c 2
3.y c Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose the
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proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of
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emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom who have
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the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule"
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whatever the situation. yc yc
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice yc yc yc yc yc yc
a. y Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
y c yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc
c.
y Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
c yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
y c yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc
e.
y Nonargument.c
ANS: E y c PTS: y c 2
4.y c Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal income tax
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and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount these
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merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their
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employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
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immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
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a. yArgument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
c yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc
1
